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This  BOOK  may  be  kept  out  TWO  WEEKS 
ONLY,  and  is  subject  to  a  fine  of  FIVE 
CENTS  a  day  thereafter.  It  is  due  on  the 
day  indicated  below: 


—    19Nov'35 

— 

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38128 


L 
THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


THE  LEAF  COLLECTOR'S  BOOK 

III. 

THE  SHRUBS  OF   NORTHEASTERN   AMERICA 
(In  preparation) 


THE   TREES 


OF 


NORTHEASTERN   AMERICA 


ILLUSTRATIONS   FROM    ORIGINAL   SKETCHES 


CHARLES  S.   NEWHALL 


With   an  Introductory   Note   by 

NATH.   L.  BRITTON,  E.M.,  Ph.D.,  Columbia  College 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S    SONS 

NEW    YORK  LONDON 

WEST   TWENTY-THIRD    STREET  24    BEDFORD    STREET,    STRAND 

iljc  Jimcluvbochci   jJvcss 
1894 


Copyright  i8qo 

by 

CHARLES   S.  NEWHALL 


Electrotyped,  Printed  ami  Bound  by 

Tlbe  Iknicfeerbocfcer  iprcss,  IHew  $}ovk 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Suns 


I  said  I  will  not  walk  with  men  to-day, 
But  I  will  go  among  the  blessed  trees, — 

Among  the  forest  trees  I  '11  take  my  way, 

And  they  shall  say  to  me  what  words  they  please. 

And  when  I  came  among  the  trees  of  God, 
With  all  their  million  voices  sweet  and  blest, 

They  gave  me  welcome.     So  I  slowly  trod 

Their  arched  and  lofty  aisles,  with  heart  at  rest. 

Then  all  around  me  as  I  went, 
Their  loving  arms  they  lightly  bent, 
And  all  around  leaf-voices  low 
Were  calling,  calling  soft  and  slow. 


I  could  not  fail  to  know 
The  words  they  whispered  so, 
Nor  could  I  onward  go 
From  words  so  sweet  and  low. 


-From  The  Trees. 


38128 


CONTENTS. 


Preface 

Introductory  Note        ..... 

Guide  to  the  Trees     ..... 

List  of  Genera     ...... 

Description"  of  Trees  (with  Illustrations) 
Explanation  of  Terms         .... 

Glossary         ..... 

Index  to  the  Trees     ..... 


Page 
xiii 

xiv 

i 

3 

4 

237 

243 

245 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figures  i  and  2. — Cucumber  Tree  and  Sweet  Bay 

Figure  3. — Umbrella  Tree 

Figure  4. — Papaw 

Figure  5. — Red  Bud     . 

Figure  6. — Sour  Gum  . 

Figure  7. — Persimmon 

Figure  S. — Sassafras  . 

Figure  9. — Basswood   . 

Figures  10  and  11. — American  Holly 

Figure  12. — Wild  Black  Cherry 

Figure  13. — Wild  Red  Cherry 

Figure  14. — Wild  Plum 

Figure  15. — Crab-Apple 

Figure  16. — White  Thorn  Fruit 

Figure  17. — Black  Thorn 

Figure  18. — Common  Thorn 

Figure  19. — Cockspur  Thorn 

Figure  20. — Shad-Bush 

Figure  21. — Sorrel  Tree     . 

Figures  22  and  23. — White  Elm  and  Slippery  Elm 

Figure  24. — Hackberry 

Figure  25. — Red  Mulberry 

Figure  26. — Buttonwood    . 

Figures  27  and  28. — White  Birch  and  Paper  Birch 

Figures  29  and  30. — Red  Birch  and  Yellow  Birch 

Figure  3 1. — Sweet  Birch 

Figure  32. — Hop-Hornbeam  .... 
Figure  33.  — Hornbeam  ..... 
Figure  34. — Chestnut 


PAGE 

7 

9 

1 1 

13 
15 
-7 
T9 

23 
25 
29 
29 
31 
33 
35 
35 
37 
39 
41 
43 
45 
49 
5[ 
54 
57 
61 

S3 
65 
67 
69 


Illustrations, 


Figure  35-" 
Figure  36.- 
Figure  37.- 
Figure  38.- 
Figure  39.- 
Figures  40 
Weepi 
Figure  44 
Figure  45 
Figure  46 
Figure  47 
Figures  4: 
Figure  50 
Figure  51 
Figure  52 
Figure  53 
Figure  54 
Figure  55 
Figure  56 
Figure  57 
Figure  58 
Figure  59 
Figure  60 
Figure  61 
Figure  62 
Figure  63 
Figure  64 
Figure  65 
Figure  66 
Figure  67 
Figure  68 
Figure  69 
Figure  70 
Figure  71. 
Figures  72 


-Beech 

-Black  Willow 

-Scythe-Leaved  Willow 

-Shining  Willow 

-Long-Beaked  Willow 

41,  42,  and  43. — White  Willow,  Yellow  Willow 
ng  Willow,  and  Crack  Willow 
—Aspen 

— Large-Toothed  Aspen 
— Downv-Leaved  Poplar 
—Cottonwood    . 
and  49. — Balsam  Poplar  and  Balm  of  Gilead 


— Lombardy  Poplar 
—  Silver-Leaf  Poplar 
—Tulip  Tree 
—White  Oak 
—Post  .Oak 
— Burr  Oak 
—Swamp  White  Oak 
—Chestnut  Oak 
— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak 
—Black  Jack 
—Spanish  Oak 
— Scarlet  Oak 
— Black  Oak 
—Red  Oak  . 
—Pin  Oak    . 
—Willow  Oak 
—Shingle  Oak 
— Sweet  Gum 
—Flowering  Dogwood 
—Alternate-Leaved  Dog1 
— Fringe  Tree 
— Catalpa  . 
and  73. — Black  Haw  and  Sweet  Viburnum 


Illustrations. 


Figure  74 


Figure  75 
Figure  76 
Figure  77 
Figure  78 


-Striped  Maple 


Sugar  Maple  . 

Black  Maple  . 

Silver-Leaf  Maplc 

Red  Maple 
Figures  79,  So,  Si,  and  82. — Gray   Pine,  Scrub  Pine,  T 

Mountain  Pine,  and  Red  Pine 
Figures  83,  84,  and  85. — Yellow,  Pitch,  and  White  Pine 
Figures  86  and  87.— Black  Spruce  and  White  Spruce 
Figure  88. — Norway  Spruce 

Figure  89. — Hemlock 

Figures  90  and  91. — Balsam  Fir  and  Larch 
Figures  92  and  93. — White  Cedar  and  Arbor  Vitm 
Figure  94. — Red  Cedar 
Figure  95, 
Figure  96 
Figure  97 
Figure  98 
Figure  99 


Ailanthus 

Locust 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree 

Honey  Locust 

Stag-Horn  Sumach 
Figure  100. — Poison  Sumach 
Figure  101. — Mountain  Ash 
Figures  102  and  103.— Black  Walnut 
Figure  104. — Shag-bark 
Figure  105. — Mocker-Nut  . 
Figure  106.— Small-Fruited  Hickory 
Figure  107.  — Pig-Nut  . 
Figure  108. — Bitter-nut     . 
Figure  109. — Ash-Leaved  Maple 
Figure  1 10. — White  Ash 
Figure  hi. — Red  Ash 
Figure  11 2. — Green  Ash 
Figure  113. — Blue  Ash 
Figure  114. — Black  Ash 
Figure  115. — Sweet  Buckeye 
Figure  116. — Ohio  Buckeye 


and  Buttern 


PAGE 
149 

i5' 
i53 

i55 
i57 

163 
,67 
,69 

171 
i73 
i77 
179 
183 
187 
189 
191 

193 
197 
199 
201 
205 
207 
209 
21 1 
213 

215 
219 
221 
223 
225 
227 
229 
233 
235 


PREFACE. 


"  C ,   if  you  and   I   were  to  meet  a  man  on   the 

street  and  ask  him  his  name,  he  could  tell  us.  I  wish  a 
tree  could  do  as  much.  Here  are  splendid  specimens  all 
around  us,  and  I  don't  know  one  of  them." 

"  Get  a  book  that  will  help  you." 

"  I  cannot  find  such  a  book.  I  can  find  no  book 
which,  in  simple  fashion,  will  so  describe  the  tree,  from 
its  foliage  and  bark  and  style,  that  I  can  recognize  it." 

"  Then  I  will  make  one  for  you." 


The  trees  described  in  the  following  pages  include 
all  the  native  trees  of  Canada  and  the  Northern  United 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Mention  has  also 
been  made  of  the  more  important  of  the  introduced  and 
naturalized  species.  The  work  has  been  so  arranged  that 
any  given  specimen  can  be  readily  found  by  help  of  the 
Guide  on  page  i. 

My  chief  authority  for  the  geographical  distribution 
of  the  species  is  Sargent's  report  in  the  Tenth   Census 


xiv  Inti'oductory  Note. 

of  the    United   States  ;    for  the  scientific   nomenclature, 
Nath.  L.  Britton,  E.M.,  Ph.D. 

I  am  greatly  indebted  to  Professors  Thomas  C.  Porter, 
of  Lafayette  College,  and  N.  L.  Britton,  of  Columbia 
College,  for  valuable  aid  and  suggestions  ;  also  to  Rev. 
S.  W.  Knipe,  of  Oceanic,  N.  J. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE. 

Columbia  College  Herbarium, 
New  York,  May  12,  1890. 

Dear  Sirs  : — I  have  been  interested  in  glancing  over 
the  manuscript  of  Mr.  Newhall's  book  on  our  native 
trees,  and  am  much  pleased  to  learn  that  it  is  to  be 
published.  There  is  great  need  of  such  a  popular  work. 
It  will  do  much  good  in  supplying  information  to  our 
people  about  some  of  the  common  things  around  them, 
and  this  in  an  attractive  manner. 

Yours  very  truly, 

N.  L.  Britton. 


LIST  OF  GENERA. 


A—/ 


MagmVia 
Aslmma    . 
Cercis  . 

Nyssa  .  . 
Diospyros 
Sassafras  . 


// 


Tilia  . 
Ilex  . 
Prunus 
Pyrus   . 

Crala^gv 
Amelanchier 
Oxydendrum 
Ulmus 
Celtis    .      . 
Moms  . 
Broussonetia 
Platanus    . 
Bdtula  .      . 
Ostrya 
Carpinus    . 
Castanea   . 
Fagus  . 
Salix 
Popalus 


III  (a) 


Liriodendron 
Quercus    .     . 


(b) 
Liquidamber 


13" 


B— / 


Cornus 

Chionanthus 

Catalpa 


Viburnum 


134 
138 
140 


144 


/// 

Acer 148 

C 

Pinus 161 

Plcea 168 

Tsuga 172 

Abies 174 


Larix    . 
ChamEecyparis 
Thuya       .     . 
Juniperus 


PAGE 

•  175 
.  178 
.  180 
.    181 


D— / 


Ailanthus 

Robinia  .  . 
Gymnocladus 
Gledltschia    . 


Rhus  . 
Pyrus  . 
Juglans 
Hicoria 


186 

188 
190 
192 

196 
200 
203 
206 


Negundo 
Fraxinus 


218 
220 


/Esculus 


232 


GUIDE. 


For  explanation  of  all  terms  see  glossary  at  end  of  book. 


Go  to  /    under  A 

"      //      "     A 


v  ("edge  entire. 

g  J       "  toothed 

o3  ]       t,  I,     i  j  Lobes,  entire.     Go  to  III  (a)  under  A 

+,  ^  lobed  I  Lobes,  toothed.     "    111(b)      "     A 

v    f  edge  entire.        Go  to  /    under  B 
"     toothed.         "     II      "       B 


8Ll 


i   ,     i  j  Lobes,  entire.    Go  to  III  (a)  under  B 
lobed)  Lobes,  toothed.     "    111(b)      "      B 

indeterminate.      Go  to  /  under  C 
alternate, 


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I            Vi 

i       (  entire.       Go  to  /    under  D 
ed£e  1  toothed.        «  //         "      D 


j       i  entire.       Go  to  /    under  E 
opposite,        edge  j  toQthed  „  f/         .,      £ 

opposite,  edge  toothed.  Go  to  /     under  F 


*NoTE. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf 
by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


GUIDE   (  Continued) . 


Note. — Names  in  italics  are  given  also  under  another  divisic 


A—/ 

Magnolias 
Papaw 

Gum,  sour 
Judas-tree 
Persimmon 
Sassafras  . 
Oak,  willow 
Dog-wood,  alt.  leaved 
Willoiu,  long- 


beaked 


II 

Basswoods 
Hollies      .     . 
Cherries    .     . 
Plum    .     .     . 
Crab-apple     . 
Thorns 
Shad-bush 
Sorrel-tree 
Elms    ... 
Hackberry 
Mulberry  .      . 
Mulberry,  paper 
Button-wood 
Birches 
Hornbeam 
Hornbeam 
Chestnut   . 
Beech  .     .      . 
Willows     . 
Poplars     .     . 
Oaks,  chestnut 


Hop 


22-24 
24-26 
27-28 
30 
32 
34-38 
40 
42 
44-47 
48 
50 
52 
.S3 
55-62 
64 
66 
68 
7o 
72-83 
84-94 
.  101 


III  (a) 

Tulip-tree 
Oaks     .... 
Sassafras 
Button-wood . 

(b) 

Gum,  sweet   . 
Poplar,  silver-leaf 
Mulberry  . 
Mulberry,  paper 
Oaks     .... 


B— / 

Dog-wood,  flowering 
Fringe-tree     . 
Catalpa      .... 

// 

Black  haw 
Viburnum,  sweet     . 


134 
138 
140 


144 
146  I 


III  (a) 

(b) 
Maples       .      .      .      148-156 


C— / 


D— / 

PAGB 

Ailanthus  ....  186 
Locusts  .  .  .  188-190 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  190 
Locust,  honey  .  .  .192 
Sumach,  poison        .      ,    198 


Sumach,  staghorn 

.     .   196 

Ash,  mountain   . 

.      .   200 

Walnut,  black    . 

•     •   203 

Butternut       .     . 

.     .   204 

Hickories . 

206-214 

Locust,  honey 

.     .   192 

E— / 
AsA,reda.iid  white,   220-222 

II 

Ash-leaved  maple    .      .   218 
Ash,  black,  blue,  green, 
red,  and  white  .   220-228 


F— / 


Pines,    cedars,    spruce,  Buckeyes    .     .     .      232-234 

etc 160  I  Horse-chestnut   .     .     .234 


DESCRIPTION  OF  TREES. 

Note  i.- — Those  species  are  considered  trees  (in  dis- 
tinction from  shrubs)  which,  as  the  rule,  spring  from  the 
ground  with  a  single  branching  trunk. 

Note  2. — The  arrangement  of  the  illustrations  and 
descriptions  under  each  section  is  according  to  the  natural 
order  of  the  genera. 

Note  3. — In  using  the  guide  and  the  following  leaf- 
illustrations  it  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from 
vigorous  young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens. 
It  is  seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the  same  mature 
branch,  exactly  agree  ;  but  they  follow  the  type,  while 
often  the  younger  growth  varies  from  it. 

Note  4. — When  describing  the  trees,  items  that  are 
specially  helpful  in  determining  the  species  are  given  in 
italics. 


TREES  WITH    SIMPLE   LEAVES 


LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE) 
A    I 


Genus  MAGNOLIA,  L.   (Magnolia.) 

From  "  Magnol,"  the  name  of  a  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Fig.  i.— Cucumber  Tree,  Mountain  Magnolia.    M.  acuminata,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline*  long  oval.      Apex,  pointed.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaves,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,  dark  green  above  ; 
green  beneath  and  slightly  downy  ;  growing  along 
the  branch  and  not  simply  in  a  cluster  at  its  end. 

Bark,  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  three  to  six  inches  across,  bluish  or  yellowish- 
white,  abundant  and  fragrant.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  small  cucumber. 

Foitnd,  in  rich  woods  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  southward,  and  in  cultivation.      Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  sixty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  a  straight  trunk 

and  rich  foliage.     The  wood  is  durable,  soft,  and  light. 

Used   for  cabinet-work,  for   flooring,  for  pump-logs,  and 

water-troughs.      As  in  other  magnolias  the  juice  is  bitter 

and  aromatic. 

Fig.  2. — Sweet  Bay,  Swamp  Laurel,   Small  Magnolia.    M. 

glauca,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.     Apex, 
slightly  blunt-pointed.      Base,  pointed. 


Library 
X.   C.   State    College 


Fig.  I. — Cucumber  Tree.     (M.  acuminata,  L.) 
Fig.  2.— Sweet  Bay.     (M.  glauca,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         LA  i 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long,  thick  and  smooth  ; 

dark  green  and  polished  above  ;   white  below  ;   the 

middle  rib  green  and  distinct ;   the   side,  ribs  slight 

and  indistinct. 
Bark  of  trunk,  smoothish,  light  gray,  aromatic  and  bitter. 
Flowers,  large   (two  to  three  inches  wide),  white,  at  the 

ends  of  the  branches,  very  fragrant.      June,  July. 

Fruit,  bright  red  berries,  at  first  in  small  cone-like  clus- 
ters, then  hanging  by  slender  threads.      September. 

Fotind,  in  swampy  ground,  from  Massachusetts  southward, 
usually  near  the  coast. 

A  small  tree  (often  a  bush),  four  to  twenty-five  feet 
high,  or  higher  southward,  where  its  leaves  are  evergreen. 
All  parts  of  the  tree  (and  it  is  the  same  with  the  other 
magnolias)  have  an  intensely  bitter,  aromatic  juice,  which 
is  stimulating  and  tonic. 

Fig.  3. — Umbrella  Tree,  Elkwood.     M.  tripltala,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  slightly  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex, 
short,  sharp-pointed.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaves,  twelve  to  thirty-six  inches  long,  six  to  eight  inches 
wide  ;  rather  dark  green  above  ;  lighter  beneath  ; 
silky  when  young,  but  soon  smooth  ;  growing  in 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Bark,  smoothish  and  light. 

Flowers,  seven  to  eight  inches  across,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  white,  and  fragrant.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  in  a  cylinder-shaped  bunch,  four  to  five  inches 
long,  and  rose-colored  as  it  ripens. 


Fig.  3.— Umbrella  Tree.     (M.  tripetala,  L.) 
ONE    THIRD    NATURAL    SIZE. 


io  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Found,  in  Southeastern  Pennsylvania  and  southward  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  in  cultivation. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  irregular 
branches,  and  light,  soft  wood.  As  in  other  magnolias 
the  juice  is  bitter  and  fragrant. 

Genus  ASIMINA,   Adans.      (Papaw.) 

Fig.  4. — Papaw,  Custard  Apple.     A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunal. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;   edge  entire. 

Outline,  long,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed,  in  small 
leaves,  sometimes  rounded.  Base,  taper-pointed  or 
slightly  rounded. 

Leaf,  five  to  ten  inches  long,  thin,  rusty  downy  when 
young,  soon  becoming  smooth  and  polished. 

Bark,  silvery-gray,  smooth  and  polished  ;  young  shoots 
downy. 

Flowers,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide  ;  dark  to  light,  in 
drooping  clusters,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  March, 
April. 

Fruit,  about  three  inches  long  by  one  and  a  half  inches 
thick,  egg-shape,  yellow,  about  ten-seeded,  fragrant, 
sweet,  and  edible.      October. 

Found,  from  Western  New  York  to  Southern  Iowa  and 
southward. 

A  small  tree  of  unpleasant  odor  when  bruised,  ten  to 
twenty  feet  high  (or  often  only  a  bush)  and  densely 
clothed  with   its  long  leaves. 


Fig.  4.— Papaw.     A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunai. 

LEAF,    NATURAL   SIZE.     FRUIT,    TWO   THIRDS    NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 2  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [a  i 

Genus  CERCIS,  L.      (Red  Bud.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  shuttle,"  because  of  the  shuttle-shaped  pod. 

Fig.  5. — Red  Bud,  Judas  Tree.     C.  Canadensis,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,   round  heart-shape.      Apex,  tapering  and  rather 

blunt,  sometimes  with  a  short  bristle.      Base,  heart 

shape. 
Leaf -stem,  smooth  and  swollen  at  each  end  into  a  sort  of 

knob. 
Leaf,  usually  about  four  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  rather 

thin  ;  smooth  above  and  below  ;  with  seven  prominent 

ribs  radiating  from  the  end  of  the  leaf-stem. 
Flowers,  reddish,  acid,  usually  abundant  in  small  clusters 

along    the   branches  ;    appearing    before   the   leaves. 

March  to   May. 
Fruit,  a  small,  many-seeded,  flat  pod,  winged  along  the 

seed-bearing  seam.      Seeds,  reverse  egg-shape. 
Found,   in  rich  soil,  Western  Pennsylvania,  westward  and 

southward.      Common  in  cultivation. 
A  small  and  fine  ornamental  tree,  with  long,  flat-leaved 
branches. 

The  name  "Judas  tree"  is  traditional.  "  This  is  the 
tree  whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  the  elder 
tree,  as  it  is  said." 

Genus  NYSSA,  L.      (Sour  Gum.) 

From  the  name  of  a  water  nymph,  because  of  the  location  of  the  original  species. 

Fig.  6.— Sour  Gum,    Black  Gum,    Pepperidge,   Tupelo.      N. 

sylvatica,  Marsh. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 
Outline,    oval     or    reverse    egg-shape.       Apex,    pointed. 

Base,   pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  slightly  hairy  when  young. 


Fig.  5.— Red  Bud.     (C.  Canadensis,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


14  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [a  i 

Leaf,  two  to  five  inches  long  ;  usually  about  half  as  broad  ; 
dark  green  and  very  shining  above,  especially  when 
old  ;  light  green  and  shining  below  ;  thick,  tough, 
and  firm.  Middle  rib  slightly  hairy  when  young  ; 
side  ribs  rather  indistinct  and  curved. 

Bark,  grayish  and  often  broken  into  short  sections. 

Fertile  flowers,  small,  in  clusters  of  three  to  eight  on 
slender  stems.      April,  May. 

Frtat,  nearly  one  half  inch  long  ;  bluish-black  when  ripe  ; 
egg-shape  or  oval  ;  acid  and  rather  bitter  until 
"frosted."  Stone,  oval,  somewhat  pointed  at  each 
end,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  three  or  four  blunt 
ridges  on  each  side.      September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Michigan,  and  southward 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 
A   tree  twenty  to  forty  feet  high  (larger  southward), 

with  flat,  horizontal  branches.      The  wood,  even  in  short 

lengths,  is  very  difficult  of  cleavage,  and  so  is  well  fitted 

for  beetles,   hubs  of  wheels,  pulleys,  etc.      Its  leaves  are 

the  first  to  ripen  in  the  fall,  changing  (sometimes  as  early 

as  August)  to  a  bright  crimson. 

I  was  commenting,  one  day,  to  a  reverend  doctor  and 

professor  on  the  frequent  reference  to  this  tree  in  stories 

and  anecdotes  of  Southern  life,  when  he  fluently  quoted  : 

"  Possum  up  a  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  holler, 
Nigger  in  de  corn-field, 
Don't  yer  hear  him  holler." 

A  better  version  changes  the  last  two  lines  : 

"  Possum  up  de  gum-tree, 
Cooney  in  de  hollar. 
Fetch  him  down,  little  boy, 
Give  yer  half  a  dollar." 

The  professor  added  the  explanation  that  the  opossums 

climb  the  tree  in  search  of  its  fruit. 


Fig.  6. — Sour  Gum.     (N.  sylvatica,  Marsh. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [A  i 

Genus  DIOSPYROS,   L.      (Persimmon.) 

From  two  ('.reek  words  meaning  fruit  of  Jove. 

Fig.  7. — Persimmon.     J).  Virginiana,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed. 
Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  thickish  ;  dark  and 
smooth,  usually  shining,  above  ;  below  dull,  with  the 
ribs  curved  and  irregular  and  minutely  downy.  On 
the  upper  surface  the  ribs  are  quite  indistinct,  except 
as  the  leaf  is  held  toward  the  light  when  they  appear 
almost  transparent.  In  the  same  position  the  leaf  is 
seen  also  to  be  edged  with  a  slight  delicate  fringe 
(appearing  in   the   dried   leaf  like   a  line   of  yellow 

light). 

Bark  of  trunk  dark  and  rough. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow  and  small,  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stems.      June. 

Fruit,  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  rounded,  nearly  stem- 
less,  orange-red  when  ripe,  with  about  eight  large 
flat,  seeds.  After  frost  it  is  of  very  pleasant  flavor, 
before,  exceedingly  "  puckery." 

Found,  from  Connecticut  southward  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward to  Southeastern  Iowa. 

A  tree  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high  ;  sometimes,  at  the 
South,  more  than  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  close-grained  ;  the  bark  tonic  and  astringent. 


pig.  ?. —Persimmon.     (D.  Virginiana,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [a  i 

Genus  SASSAFRAS,  Nees.      (Sassafras.) 

Fig.  3. — Sassafras.     S.  officinale,  Nees. 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edge  entire  or  lobed. 

Outline,  when  the  edge  is  entire  usually  oval  or  egg- 
shape  ;  when  lobed  usually  broader  and  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Base,  pointed  or  wedge-shape.  Apex  of  the 
leaf  or  of  the  lobes  rounded  or  slightly  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf,  variable  in  size,  dark,  thin,  smooth  ;  rather  shining 
above ;  the  lobes,  when  present,  two  or  three  in 
number  and  usually  more  or  less  bulging,  with  the 
hollows  always  rounded. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  clusters.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  oval,  one-seeded,  blue,  with  a  reddish,  club-shaped 
stem  ;  pungent. 

Bark,  obliquely  and  curiously  furrowed  and  broken,  gray 
without,  reddish  within  ;  young  twigs  yellowish. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont,  southward  and  west- 
ward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  fifty  feet  high  with  light  and  soft 
wood.  All  parts  of  the  tree  have  a  pleasant,  spicy  taste 
and  fragrance.  From  the  bark  of  the  roots  a  powerful 
aromatic  stimulant  is  obtained. 


Note. — See  Alternate-leaved  Dogwood,  with  its  genus    Section  B,  I.,  p.  136. 
Note. — See  Willow  Oaks,  with  their  genus.  Section  A.  III.  (a),  pp.  126-128 


Fig.  8.— Sassafras.     (S.  officinale,  Nees.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES   WITH   SIMPLE   LEAVES 

LEAVES     ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
A    II 


Genus  TILIA,   L.      (Basswood. ) 

Fig.   o. — Basswood,    American    Linden,    Whitewood,    Lime 
Tree,  Bee  Tree.     T.  Americana,  L. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge    somewhat    irregu- 
larly   VERY    SHARP-TOOTHED. 
Outline,   rounded,  often  very  one-sided.      Apex,  pointed. 

Base,  strongly  heart-shaped. 
Leaf,  usually  about  three  to  four  inches  wide,  four  to  five 
inches  long  ;  sometimes  much  larger ;  rather  thick, 
very  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  with  small  tufts  of 
reddish  hairs  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs  below  ;  and 
often  with  the  ribs  themselves  hairy. 
Bark  of   the  trunk  very  thick  ;   on  the  young  branches 

dark  brown. 
Fruit,  gray-downy,  ovate,  the  size  of  small  peas,  clustered 
on  a  long  stem  of  which  the  lower  half  is  joined  to 
half  the  length  of  a  narrow,  leaf-like  bract,  usually 
with  a  tapering  base. 
Found,  in  rich  woods   from  British  America  southward  to 
Virginia   and   along   the    Alleghany    Mountains  and 
westward. 
A  straight-trunked  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  (often 
unbranching  to  half  its  height)  and  two  to  four  feet  in 
diameter.      Its  very  tough  inner  bark  is  used  for  mats  and 
coarse  rope.      The  wood  is  white  and  soft  and  clear  of 
knots.     It  is  much  used  for  wooden  ware,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  for  the  panelling  of  carriages,   though   now  less  es- 
teemed than  the  tulip  tree  for   these  uses,  owing  to  its 
liability  to  crack  in  bending. 


Fig.  9. — Basswood.     (T.  Americana,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


24  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

White  Basswood,  Wahoo.     T.  heterophylla,  Vent. 

This  species  differs  from  T.  Americana  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 
Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long  ;  deep  green  and   shining 

above,  beneath  velvety  and  silvery  white  with  purplish 

ribs. 
Foimd,  from  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia 

and  westward. 
Height,  usually  twenty  to  thirty  feet. 


T.  pubescens,  Ait.,  differs  chiefly  from  T.  Americana  in 

these  particulars  : 

Leaves,  smaller  (two  to  three  inches  long),  thinner,  and 
somewhat  downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  rounded,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  with  the  base  of  the  leaf-like  bract  to  which  it 
is  attached  usually  rounded  at  the  base. 

Found,  New  York  to  Florida  and  westward. 


The  cultivated  European  Linden  [T.  Europsea]  resem- 
bles the  Basswood  in  its  foliage,  but  the  tree  is  smaller 
(about  forty  feet  high)  and  with  a  pyramid-shaped  top. 

Genus  ILEX,  L.      (Holly.) 

Fig.  10. — American  Holly.     I.  opaca,  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  with  remote,  very 
sharp  spine-like  teeth,  with  rounded  spaces  between. 

Outline,  oval.      Apex  and  base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  about  two  inches  long  ;  dark  polished  green  above ; 
below  rather  yellowish-green  ;  thick  and  stiff;  smooth 
throughout ;  ribs  very  indistinct  below. 


Library 
State    College 


Fig.  10. — American  Holly.     (I.  opaca,  Ait.) 
Fig.  ii. — I.  monticola. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


26  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 

Bark,  light  gray  and  smooth. 

Fruit,  a  nearly  round,  bright-red  berry,  the  size  of  a  pea. 

It    ripens    in    September    and    continues    upon    the 

branches  into  the  winter. 
Found,  from  Massachusetts  southward  near  the  coast  to 

Florida,  and  from  Southern  Indiana  southwest,  and 

southward  to  the  Gulf. 
An    evergreen    tree,    ten    to    thirty  feet   high,   with    a 
compact  head  of  spreading  branches.      Its  wood  is  easily 
worked,  white,  of  fine  grain,  and  light  in  weight. 


The  use  of  holly  and  other  evergreens  in  religious 
ceremonies  dates  from  pagan  times.  "  Trummying  of  the 
temples  with  floures,  boughes,  and  garlondes,  was  taken 
of  the  heathen  people,  whiche  decked  their  idols  and 
houses  with  suche  array."  Early  church  councils  made  rules 
and  restrictions  concerning  the  practice — e.g.,  in  France 
Christians  were  forbidden  "  to  decke  up  their  houses  with 
lawrell,  yvie,  and  green  boughes  in  the  Christmas  season," 
for  "  Hedera  est  gratis sima  Baccho."* 

Fig.    II. — Ilex  monficola,  Gray. 

This  is  usually  regarded  as  a  shrub,  "but  it  not  seldom 
attains  the  size  and  exhibits  the  port  of  a  small  tree  " — (T. 
C.  Porter).     It  differs  from  I.  opaca  chiefly  in  these  items: 

Leaves,  not  evergreen  ;  egg-shape  or  long  oval,  rather 
thin  with  edge  finely  toothed,  and  apex  taper-pointed. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  in  the  Catskill  and  Tahonic  Moun- 
tains, and  in  Cattaraugus  County,  New  York ; 
through  Pennsylvania  as  far  east  as  Northampton 
County,  and  southward  along  the  Alleghanies. 

*  The  ivy  is  most  acceptable  to  Bacchus. 


Edge   Toothed.  27 

Genus   PRUNUS   L.  (Cherry,  Plum.) 

Fig  12. — Wild  Black  Cherry,  Rum  Cherry.     P.  serbtina,  Ehr. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  toothed  (with  the 
points  of  the  teeth  so  incurved  as  to  appear  blunt), 
and  often  finely  "  crinkled." 

Outline,  usually  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed.      Apex,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  usually  with  two  to  five  tooth-like  glands  near 
the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  two  to  five  inches  long  ;  thickish  ;  polished,  and  of 
a  deep  shining  green  above ;  beneath,  lighter  and 
smooth,  with  the  middle  rib  sometimes  downy  toward 
the  base.  In  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  orange, 
and  later  to  a  pale  yellow. 

Bark  of  old  trunks,  blackish  and  rough  ;  of  young  trunks 
and  on  the  larger  branches,  reddish  or  purplish 
brown  ;  marked  with  scattered  lines  ;  on  young 
shoots,  at  first  green  or  olive  brown,  gradually  be- 
coming darker,  and  sprinked  with  small  orange  dots. 

Flozvers,  white,  with  short  stems,  closely  set  in  a  long, 
cylinder-shaped  cluster.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter  ;  with 
short  stems  (one  and  a  quarter  to  one  and  a  third 
inches)  hanging  in  long,  close  clusters  from  the  ends 
of  the  twigs.  It  is  nearly  black  when  ripe,  and  of  a 
pleasant  flavor  though  somewhat  bitter  ;  it  is  eagerly 
eaten  by  the  birds.     August. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed  north,  south,  and  west.  It 
reaches  its  finest  growth  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Alleehanv  Mountains. 


2S  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
light  and  hard,  of  a  brown  or  reddish  tinge,  becoming 
darker  with  exposure,  and  of  very  great  value  in  cabinet- 
work and  interior  finish.  It  is  now  becoming  scarce,  so 
that  stained  birch  is  often  used  as  a  substitute.  The 
bitter  aromatic  bark  is  used  as  a  valuable  tonic  ;  "  cherry 
brandy  "  is  made  from  the  fruit. 

Fig.    13.  — Wild    Red    Cherry,    Bird    Cherry,    Pin    Cherry. 

P.  Pennsylvanica,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate,   or  alternate  in  pairs  ;  edge 

FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  grooved  above. 

Leaf,  two  to  six  inches  long,  shining  and  smooth  and  of 
about  the  same  shade  of  green  on  both  sides. 

Bark,  reddish-brown  and  smooth,  with  swollen,  rusty- 
colored  dots,  and  usually  stripping,  like  that  of  the 
garden  cherry,  around  the  trunk. 

Flowers,  white,  on  stems  about  one  inch  or  more  in 
length,  in  nearly  stemless  clusters.      May. 

Frttit,  the  size  of  a  large  pea,  light  red,  on  long  stems 
(about  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long),  sour,  in 
clusters  of  two  to  five  at  the  sides  of  the  branches, 
and  usually  from  the  base  of  the  leaf-stems  ;  seldom 
abundant.      July. 

Found,   Common    in    all   northern    forests.      In    Northern 
New   England   it   quickly   occupies   burned-out  pine 
regions. 
A   slender    tree,    usually    twenty    to    twenty-five    feet 

high,  of  no  value  as  timber. 


Fig.  13 


Fig.  12.— Wild  Black  Cherry.     (P   serdtina,  Ehr.) 
Fig.  13. — Wild  Red  Cherry.     (P.  Pennsylvanica   L). 

NATURAL   SIZE 


30  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves. 


Fig.  14.— Wild  Plum,  Canada  Plum,  Horse  Plum.     P.  Ameri- 
cana, Marsh. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;   edge  sharp-toothed. 

Otitline,  long  oval  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  pointed  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long,  smooth, 
reddish,  usually  with  two  small  wart-like  glands  on 
the  raised  border  near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long ;  smooth  when  mature ; 
"  net-veined,"  with  distinct  furrows  over  the  ribs ; 
somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  dark  reddish-green  or  bronze-green, 
resembling  that  of  a  cherry-tree. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  inch  in  diameter ;  broad 
oval  ;  yellow,  orange,  or  red  ;  with  a  thick  and  acid 
skin  and  a  pleasant  flavor.      August. 

Stone,  slightly  flattened,  and  with  both  edges  winged  and 
sharp. 

Found,  from  Canada  southward  to  Florida  and  westward, 
and  often  in  cultivation. 

A  small  tree  (sometimes  a  bush),  eight  to  twenty  feet 
high,  with  hard,  reddish  wood.  In  cultivation  it  forms 
an  excellent  stock  on  which  to  graft  the  domestic  plums. 


Fig.  14.— Wild  Plum.     (P.  Americana,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


32  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  n 

Genus   PYRUS   L.  (Apple,  Mt.  Ash.) 

NOTE.      (See  others  of  same  genus,  Sec.  D,  //.) 
Fig.   15. — Crab-Apple.     P.  coronaria,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  distinctly  toothed 
when  mature  ;  sometimes  nearly  three-lobed. 

Outline,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  very  slender,  downy. 

Leaf,  about  two  to  three  inches  long,  two  thirds  as  wide, 
smooth. 

Flowers,  large  ;  rose-colored  and  white,  in  loose  clusters 
of  five  to  ten  blossoms,  and  very  fragrant.      May. 

Fruit,  round,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter  ; 
yellowish,  fragrant,  hard,  and  sour  ;  fit  only  for  pre- 
serving. 

Found,  from  Ontario  to  Western  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  District  of  Columbia ;  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains,  and  westward. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  rarely  thirty 
feet,  gaining  its  finest  growth  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower 
Ohio.  Often  its  presence  is  recognized  before  it  is  seen 
by  means  of  the  delightful  fragrance  of  its  blossoms. 


The  Narrow-leaved  Crab-Apple(¥.  angustifolia,  Ait.) 
is  sometimes,  though  very  seldom,  found  as  far  north  as 
Southern  Pennsylvania. 

Its  leaves  are  narrower  and  its  fruit  and  flowers 
smaller  than  in  the  northern  species. 


Fig.  15.— Crab-Apple. 

KATURAI 


(P.  coronaria,  L.) 

SIZE. 


34  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       La  ii 

Genus  CRATAEGUS,  L.      (Thorn.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  strength. 

Fig.  16. — White   Thorn,    Scarlet-fruited   Thorn,    Red   Haw. 

C.  cocanea,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  (and  in  alternate  bunches)  ; 

EDGE    UNEVENLY    SHARP-TOOTHED     (with     five     to     nine 

deep  cuts  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  rounded  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  usu- 
ally slightly  pointed,  but  often  blunt  or  slightly 
heart-shape. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  often  with  small  wart-like  glands. 

Leaf,  usually  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long, 
but  of  variable  size  on  the  same  tree  ;  thin  ;  smooth ; 
shining. 

Branchlets,  greenish,  or  whitish  and  shining,  as  though 
washed  with  silver.  Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long, 
stout,  often  whitish,  usually  slightly  curved. 

Flozvers,  about  two  thirds  of  an  inch  across  ;  white  (often 
with  a  rosy  tinge)  ;  twelve  or  so  in  a  bunch  ;  with  a 
strong  and  rather  disagreeable  odor.      May. 

Fruit,  nearly  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  rounded  or  egg- 
shape  ;  bright  red  ;  with  thin  pulp  and  one  to  five 
stones  ;  somewhat  edible.      September. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  southward  to  Northern 
Florida  and  Eastern  Texas. 

A  low  tree  (or  often  a  bush),  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
with  crooked,  spreading  branches  ;  very  common  at  the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 


Fig.  16.— White  Thorn  and  Fruit.    (C.  cocclnea,  L.) 
Fig.   17.— Black  Thorn.     (C.  tomentosa.   L.) 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


36  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

A  variety  with  its  leaves  downy,  at  least  on  the  under 
side,  and  with  its  red  fruit  large  and  downy  (var.  mollis), 
is  found  from  Central  Michigan  southward  and  westward. 

Fig.  17. — Black  Thorn,  Pear  Thorn.     C.  tomentbsa,  L. 
Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;     edge    sharplv    and    un- 
equally toothed  (sometimes  with  quite  deep  and 
sharp  cuts,  almost  forming  small  lobes). 

Outline,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  tapering  in  a  hollow  curve  and  along  the  sides 
of  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point. 

Leaf-stem,  bordered  by  the  leaf,  to  its  base. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to 
three  inches  wide  ;  upper  surface  smoothish,  and  fur- 
rowed above  the  ribs  ;  under  surface  downy,  at  least 
when  young  ;  rather  thick  ;  permanently  downy  on 
the  ribs.      Thorns,  one  to  two  inches  long. 

Bark  of  trunk,  smooth  and  gray.  New  twigs,  light 
greenish-brown. 

Flowers,  often  one  inch  across  ;  white  ;  eight  to  twelve  in 
a  cluster ;  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  fragrant. 
May,  June. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  round  or  pear- 
shaped  ;  orange-red  or  crimson  ;  edible.      October. 

Found,  through  the  Atlantic  forests  to  Western  Florida, 
and  from  Eastern  Texas  far  westward.      Common. 

A  thickly  branching  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  eight  to 
twenty  feet  high  ;  the  most  widely  distributed  of  the 
American  Thorns.  It  varies  greatly  in  size,  and  in  the 
style  of  its  fruit  and  leaves. 


Fig.  18.— Common  Thorn.     (C.  punctata,  Jac.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


38  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fig.  18. — Common  Thorn,  Dotted-fruited  Thorn.     C.  punctata, 

Jac. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  unevenly  sharp- 
toothed  above  the  middle  ;  sometimes,  toward  the 
apex  deeply  cut. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  slightly  pointed. 
Base,  strongly  wedge-shape,  tapering  from  above  the 
middle  of  the  leaf  and  along  the  leaf-stem  to  a  point. 

Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  slender,  and  winged 
by  the  tapering  leaf. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  about  as 
wide  ;  light  green  ;  rather  thick  ;  downy  when  young  ; 
when  mature,  smooth  and  dull,  or  sometimes  hairy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs.  Ribs,  very  straight 
below  ;  above,  marked  by  deep  furrows.  Thorns,  one 
to  two  inches  long,  stout  and  curved,  or  often  wanting. 

Bark,  rough. 

Flowers,  white  ;  eight  to  fifteen  in  somewhat  leafy  bun- 
ches.     May. 

Fruit,  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter,  or  more  ;  usually 
dull  red  or  yellow,  with  whitish  dots  ;  round  ;  some- 
what edible.      September. 

Found,    from    New    Brunswick   and   Vermont   southward 
and  westward. 
A    thick,  wide-spreading  tree,   twelve    to    twenty-five 

feet  high. 

Fig.  19. — Cockspur  Thorn.     C.  crus-galli,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge,  sharply  toothed 
above  ;  ENTIRE  below. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  rounded, 
sometimes  pointed.  Base,  tapering  to  a  point,  quite 
variable. 

Leaf  stem,  short. 


Fig.    19.— Cockspur  Thorn.     (C.  crus-galli,  L.) 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


4Q  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Leaf,  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  half  to  three 
quarters  as  wide  ;  dark  green  ;  thick,  smooth,  very 
shininof  above.  Thorns,  two  to  three  inches  lone, 
rather  slender  and  straight. 

Flowers,  white  ;  fragrant ;  in  bunches  of  about  fifteen 
blossoms,  on  very  short  side  branchlets.     June. 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter  ;  pear-shaped  or 
round ;  red  remaining  on  the  tree  during  the  winter. 

Found,  along  the  St.  Lawrence  and  westward,  and  from 
Vermont,  southward  and  westward  ;  not  common. 

A  small,  thick-branching  tree,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high. 
It  is  the  best  species  of  thorn  for  hedges. 


Var.  pyracanthifblia   has   a  somewhat  narrower  leaf 
and  longer  leaf-stem. 

Genus  AMELANCHIER,   Medik.      (June-berry.) 

Fig.  20. — Shad-bush,  June-berry,  Service  Tree.     A.  Canadensis 
(L.),  Medik. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge    very    sharply    ani> 

FINELY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  egg-shape. 
Apex,  sometimes  bristle-pointed.  Base,  slightly  heart- 
shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf,  usually  two  to  three  inches  long,  somewhat  downy 
when  young,  afterward  very  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark  of  branches  and  twigs  usually  purplish-brown  and 
very  smooth. 

Flowers,  large,  white,  in  long  and  loose  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  appearing  before  the  leaves. 
April,  May. 


Fig.  20. — Shad-bush.     A.  Canadensis  (L.),  Medik. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


42  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fruity  berry-like,  round,  purplish,  sweet,  and  edible.    June. 

Found,   in    woods    and    along    streams ;    common   at   the 
North  ;  rare  in  the  South. 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high,  or  in  some  of  its 
numerous  forms  reduced  to  a  low  shrub  ;  noticeable  and 
showy  in  early  spring  because  of  its  flowers. 


The  variety  A.  C.  oblongifblia,  T.  and  G.,  differs  some- 
what from  the  above  in  the  dimensions  of  the  flowers  and 
flower  clusters,  etc. 


The  name  "shad-bush"  is  given  because  the  trees 
blossom  about  the  time  that  the  shad  "  run." 

Genus  OXYDENDRUM,  D.  C.  (Sorrel  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  sour  and  tree. 

Fig.  21. — Sorrel  Tree,  Sour  Wood.     O.  arbbreum  (L.),  D.  C. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  toothed. 

Outline,  oval.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly 
pointed. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long,  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a 
half  inches  wide,  soon  becoming  smooth,  with  a 
decided  acid  taste  (whence  the  name). 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  deeply  furrowed. 

Flowers,  white,  in  loose  and  long  one-sided  clusters. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  southward,  chiefly 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  usually  in  dry, 
gravelly  soil. 

A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  hard,  close- 
grained  wood,  which  is  used  for  the  handles  of  tools,  the 
bearings  of  machinery,  etc. 


Fig.  21. — Sorrel  Tree.      O.  arboreum  (L.),  D.  C. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


44  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Genus  ULMUS,  L.  (Elm.) 

Fig.  22.— White  Elm.      U.  Americana,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  sharply  and  often 

DOUBLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  oval   or    egg-shaped,    or    inversely    egg-shaped; 

always  one-sided. 
Base,   rounded,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  rarely  pointed. 

Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Leaf-stem,  about  one  quarter  inch  long.     Buds,  smooth. 
Leaf,  usually  two  to  five  inches  long,  and  one  and  a  half 

to  two  and   a  half   wide  ;    somewhat    downy   when 

young,    afterward    roughish    below ;     above,    either 

rough  in  one  direction,  or  (especially  if  taken  from 

the  ends  of  the  long  branches)  smooth  and  shining. 

The  ribs  prominent  and  straight. 
Bark  of  the  branches  not  marked  with  "  corky  ridges  "  ; 

branchlets,  smooth. 
Seeds,    flat   egg-shaped  or    oval,    winged    and  fringed   all 

around.      Last  of  May. 
Found,  northward  to  Southern  Newfoundland  ;  southward 

to  Florida;  westward  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota. 

Toward  the  western   and   southwestern   limits   it   is 

found  only  in  the  river-bottom  lands. 

One  of  the  very  noblest  of  American  trees,  eighty  feet 

or  more  in  height,  and  of  strong  and  graceful  proportions. 

The  trunk  divides  at  a  slight  angle  into  two  or  three  arch- 
ie £> 

ing  limbs,  and  these  again  into  many  smaller  curving  and 
drooping  branches.  The  trunk  and  the  larger  branches 
are  often  heavily  fringed  with  short  and  leafy  boughs. 

The  tree  is  widely  cultivated.  Streets  planted  with  it 
become  columned  and  arched  like  the  aisles  of  a  Gothic 
cathedral. 

The  wood  is  hard,  and  very  tough  from  the  interlacing 
of  its  fibres.      It  is  used  in  makino-  saddle-trees   and  for 


Fig.  23 


Fig.  22. — White  Elm.     (U.  Americana,  L.) 

Fig.  23. — Slippery  Elm.     (U.  fulva,  Michaux.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


46  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

wheel-hubs,  and  is  now  largely  exported  to    England   to 
be  used   in  boat-  and   ship-building. 

One  day  I  found  four  men  in  a  stone  quarry,  working 
with  iron  bars  and  rollers  over  a  heavy  flat  slab.  They 
were  moving  the  stone  slowly  up  a  narrow  plank  into 
their  cart.  "John,"  I  said,  "  I  would  not  think  that  board 
could  hold  a  stone  of  such  weight  two  minutes.  Is  it 
hickory?"  "  No  sir,"  said  John,  "that  's  an  elm  plank; 
it  can't  break."      It  did  not  break. 

It  was  one  of  the  woods  which  the  Deacon  used  in 
building  his  famous  "  one-hoss  shay"  : 

"  So  the  deacon  inquired  of  the  village  folk 
Where  he  could  find  the  strongest  oak, 
That  could  n't  be  split  nor  bent  nor  broke, — 
That  was  for  spokes  and  floor  and  sills  ; 
He  sent  for  lancewood  to  make  the  thills  ; 
The  cross-bars  were  ash,  from  the  straightest  trees  ; 
The  panels  of  whitewood,  that  cuts  like  cheese, 
But  lasts  like  iron  for  things  like  these  ; 
The  hubs  of  logs  from  the  '  Settler 's  Ellum,' — 
Last  of  its  timber, — they  could  n't  sell  'em, 
Never  an  axe  had  seen  their  chips, 
And  the  wedges  flczu  from  betweeti  their  lips, 
Their  blunt  ends  frizzled  like  celery -tips  ;  " 

— Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 

Corky  White  Elm.  U.  racembsa,  Thomas. 
In  foliage  and  shape  and  in  the  qualities  of  its  timber 
this  tree  very  closely  resembles  the  white  elm.  A  very 
noticeable  difference  is  in  its  branches,  which  are  often 
marked  lengthwise  with  many  large,  corky,  almost  winged 
ridges.  Its  seeds  resemble  but  are  rather  larger  than 
those  of  the  white  elm. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  through  Western 
New  York  and  Southern  Michigan  tc  Northeastern 
Iowa,  and  southward  through  Ohio  to  Central  Ken- 
tucky.     Its  finest  growth  is  in  Southern  Michigan. 


Leaves  Alternate.  47 

Fig.  23. — Slippery  Elm,  Red  Elm.      U.fulva,  Michaux,  U.  rubra, 

■  Michaux,/. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;   edge  sharply  and  doubly 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  eighth  inch  long,  stout  and  rough. 
Buds  hairy. 

Leaf,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  three  to  four  inches  wide. 
The  upper  surface  is  rough  both  ways,  and  very  rough 
downwards,  almost  like  a  fine  file.  The  under  sur- 
face is  slightly  rough. 

The  ribs  beneath  are  prominent  and  straight,  and  hairy 
in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  the  larger  branches,  brownish  ;  branchlets,  light- 
gray  and  very  rozegh,  becoming  grayish-purple.  The 
inner  bark  is  very  gummy  and  "slippery." 

Seeds,  flat,  round,  winged,  but  not  fri?iged.      Last  of  May. 

Found,  along  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  to  Ontario,  and 
from  Western  New  England  westward  and  south- 
ward ;  in  woods  and  along  streams. 

A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  hard 
and  strong,  but  splits  easily  when  dry.  Though  otherwise 
inferior,  for  posts  it  is  superior  to  white  elm.  Its  inner 
bark  is  sold  by  druggists  as  "slippery  elm,"  and  is  nutri- 
tious and  medicinal.  Its  name  of  red  elm  is  due  to  the 
reddish-brown  tinge  of  its  large  rounded  and  hairy  buds 
in  the  spring. 

The  English  Elm  [U.  campestris,  L.]  was  introduced 
early,  and  is  often  found  in  cultivation.  It  differs  from 
the  white  elm,  especially  in  these  items  : 

Leaves,  usually  smaller,  and  more  closely  placed  upon  the 
branch. 


48  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

Bark,  darker  and  much  more  broken. 

Branches,  compact  and  more  or  less  horizontal  and  straight 

to  their  ends,  instead  of  arching  and  drooping. 
Seeds,  resembling  in  shape  those  of  the  slippery  elm. 

The  tree  is  sometimes  seen  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high, 
but  usually  is  much  smaller.  Like  all  the  elms  it  is  of 
rapid  growth. 

Genus  CELTIS,  L.      (Hackberry.) 

An  ancient  name  for  the  Lotus. 

Fig.  24. — Hackberry,  Sugar  Berry.     C.  occidentalis,  L. 

Leaves,   simple  ;   alternate  ;   edge   sharp-toothed,   but 

entire  at  the  base. 
Outline,    obliquely    egg-shaped,    very    one-sided.      Apex, 

taper-pointed.     Base,  usually  somewhat  heart-shaped, 

or  slightly  pointed  or  rounded. 
Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one  to  two  inches  wide  ; 

rough. 
Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  ;  sometimes  much  crumpled. 
Fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  pea  ;  solitary  ;  drooping  from 

the  bases  of  the  leaf-stems,  on  stems  once  or  twice  as 

long  as  the  leaf-stems  ;  rounded  ;   pulp  thin,  sweet, 

and  edible  ;  purplish  red  ;  ripe  in  September. 
Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  westward  and 

southward. 
A  tree  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (but  much  larger  at 
the  South),  most  common,  and  reaching  its  finest  growth 
in  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi.     It  is  very  variable  in  size 
and  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  its  leaves. 


Variety  crassifblia  is  sometimes  found,  in  which  the 
leaves  are  thicker  and  usually  toothed  all  around. 


Fig.  24.— Hackberry.     (C.  occidentals,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


50  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Genus  MORUS,  L.  (Mulberry.) 

Fig.  25. — Red  Mulberry.     M.  rubra,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  EDGE  coarsely  and  some- 
what irregularly  toothed  ;  or,  at  times,  unequally 
and  very  variously  two-  to  three-lobed. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  long  pointed  (when  there  are 
side  lobes  their  ends  may  be  rounded).  Base,  heart- 
shaped,  and  more  or  less  one-sided. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  inches  long,  rather  thin,  rough  above 
and  downy  below,  sometimes  becoming  very  smooth. 
The  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  whitish  below. 

Bark,  grayish,  and  much  broken. 

Berries,  about  the  size  and  shape  of  small  blackberries. 
When  ripe  they  are  very  dark  purple  (nearly  black), 
juicy,  and  sweet.      July. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England,  westward  and  south- 
ward. 

A  tree  fifteen  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  in  the  Middle 
and  Western  States  much  larger.  It  is  most  common 
and  reaches  its  finest  growth  along-  the  lower  Ohio  and 
the  Mississippi  rivers.  Its  wood  is  valuable,  light,  and 
soft,  but  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground. 


The  White  Mulberry  [M.  alba]  is  sometimes  found 
around  old  houses  and  in  fields.  It  was  introduced  from 
China,  and  was  formerly  cultivated  as  food  for  silk-worms. 
Its  leaves  resemble  those  of  the  Red  Mulberry  in  shape, 
but  are  smooth  and  shining:. 


Fig.  25.— Red  Mulberry.     (M.  rubra,  L.v 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


52  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [Afi 

Genus    BROUSSONfeTIA,   L'Her. 

Paper  Mulberry.     [£.  papyrifa-a,  Ventl\ 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  irregularly  sharp- 
toothed,  or,  at  times,  unequally  and  very  variously 
two-  to  three-lobed. 

Outline,  very  nearly  that  of  the  Red  Mulberry  (Fig.  25) 
broad  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  (when  there 
are  side  lobes  their  ends  also  pointed).  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed,  rarely,  in  the  small 
leaves,   slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  rough. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  inches  long,  sometimes  nine 
inches  ;  thick  ;  rough  above,  very  velvety-rough.  The 
main  ribs  are  very  distinct,  and  are  thickly  netted 
with  smaller  ones. 

Bark,  light  and  smoothish. 

Flowers,  in  long  aments  and  balls. 

Fruit,  not  edible. 

An  introduced  tree,  common  around  houses  or  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

A  low-branching,   large-headed  shade  tree  of  medium 
size,  introduced  from  Japan. 


In  Japan  and  China  the  bark  of  the  Paper  Mulberry 
is  made  into  paper,  whence  the  name. 


Leaves  Alternate.  53 

Genus  PLATANUS,  L.  (Buttonwood.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  broad,  in  reference  to  the  breadth  of  its  shade  or  of  its 

leaf. 

Fig.     26.  —  Buttonwood,     Buttonball     Tree,     Plane     Tree, 
Sycamore.*     P.  occidentalism  L. 

Leaves,    simple  ;     alternate  ;     edge    variable,    either 

COARSE-TOOTHED      OR      SOMEWHAT      LOBED  )       with     the 

teeth  or  lobes  sharp,  and  the  hollows  between  them 
rounded. 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  more  or  less 
heart-shaped,  squared,  or  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  downy  when  young,  smoothish  when  old  ;  and 
covering  the  leaf-bud  with  its  swollen  base. 

Leaf,  three  and  a  half  to  eight  inches  wide,  and  usually 
broader  than  long  ;  downy  beneath  when  young,  be- 
coming smooth. 

Bark,  the  thin  outer  bark  peels  off  each  year  in  hard  and 
brittle  strips,  leaving  the  branches  and  parts  of  the 
trunk  with  a  mottled,  whitish,  polished-looking  sur- 
face. 

Floivcrs,  small,  in  compact,  round  balls  (about  one  inch 
in  diameter)  like  round  buttons,  which  dry  and 
harden,  and  cling  to  the  branches  by  their  slender 
stems  (three  to  four  inches  long),  and  swing  like 
little  bells  during  a  good  part  of  the  winter. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine,  southward  and  westward, 
in  rich,  moist  soil,  oftenest  along  streams.  Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Ohio  rivers. 

*  The  name  "  sycamore,"  though  a  common  one,  should  be  dropped.      It  belongs 
to  another  and  very  different  tree. 


Fig.  26. — Buttonwood.     (P.  occidentals,  L.) 

NATURAL     SIZF. 


Leaves  Alternate.  55 

The  largest  of  the  trees  of  the  Atlantic  forests,  com- 
monly sixty  to  eighty  feet  high  ;  along  the  western  rivers 
often  eighty  to  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  high,  some- 
times more,  with  a  circumference  of  forty  to  fifty  feet. 

A  tree  in  Eaton,  N.  J.,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
State.  It  is  eighty-five  feet  high.  At  a  point  eight  feet 
from  the  ground  its  circumference  is  fourteen  feet  three 
inches.  Th'e  largest  trunks  are  usually  hollow.  The 
wood  is  hard  and  compact,  difficult  to  split  and  work,  of 
a  reddish-brown  color  within.  Its  principle  use  is  in 
the  makino-  of  tobacco  boxes. 


There  is  a  fine  and  somewhat  noted  group  of  these 
trees  on  the  grounds  of  James  Knox,  in  Knoxboro,  N.  Y. 
In  old  times  they  formed  a  favorite  camping  place  for 
the  Indians  in  their  trading  expeditions.  They  all 
measure  not  far  from  three  feet  in  diameter. 


Genus  BET  U  LA,  L.  (Birch.) 

Fig.  27.— White    Birch,     Old-field    Birch,     Gray   Birch.     B. 

populifblia,  Marsh. 

Leaves,    simple  ;     alternate    (often   alternate   in   pairs)  ; 

EDGE      UNEQUALLY     SHARP-TOOTHED,      with      the      base 

entire. 

Outline,  triangular.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  vari- 
able, more  or  less  squared,  sometimes  slightly 
hollowed,    rounded,    or    pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  about  three  quarters  of  an 
inch  or  more  in  length. 

Leaf,  one  and  three  quarters  to  three  inches  long. 
Smooth    and    shinine    on    both    sides. 


56  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

The  oziter  bark  of  the  mature  trunk  is  chalky-white  and 
thin,  but  not,  like  the  bark  of  the  Paper-birch,  easily 
separable  into  layers.  Usually  it  is  marked  with 
blackish  dots  and  lines.  Often  the  branchlets  and 
twigs  are  blackish,  and  in  very  young  trees  the  bark 
may  be  light  reddish-brown,  and  marked  with  white 
dots. 

Fozuid,  on  poor  soil,  from  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania 
northward  (mostly  toward  the  coast),  and  in  orna- 
mental cultivation.  It  springs  up  abundantly  over 
burned  and  abandoned  lands. 

A  slender,  short-lived  tree,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high, 
with  white,  soft  wood,  not  durable  ;  used  largely  in  mak- 
ing spools,  shoe-pegs,  etc.,  and  for  fuel. 


A  still  more  graceful  cultivated  species  is  the  Eu- 
ropean Weeping  Birch  [B.  pendula].  Its  branches  are 
very  drooping,  with  more  slender  leaves,  and  a  spray  that 
is  exceedingly  light  and  delicate,  especially  in  early 
spring. 


Fig.  28.— Paper  Birch,   Canoe  Birch,  White  Birch.    B.papy- 
rifera,  Marsh. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;     edge     sharply    and    un- 
equally   DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

OtUlinc,  egg-shaped.       Apex,  pointed.       Base,  rounded, 
slightly  heart-shaped,  or,  rarely,  wedge-shaped. 


Leaf-stem,  downy. 


Fi£.27 


Fig.  27.— White  Birch.     (B.  populifolia,  Marsh.) 
Fig.  28.— Paper  Birch.     (B.  papyrifera,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


5 8  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

Leaf,  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  dark  green  and  smooth 
above  ;  beneath,  dull,  and  with  the  ribs  somewhet 
hairy,  especially  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk  very  tough  and  durable  ;  thick  ;  snow- 
white  on  the  outside  ;  easily  removed  from  the  wood, 
and  then  itself  very  separable  into  paper-like  sheets. 
The  inner  sheets  are  of  a  reddish  tinge. 

Found,  in  tne  mountains  of  Northern  Pennsylvania,  New 
England,  and  far  northward,  farther  than  any  other 
non-evergreen  tree  of  America,  excepting  the  aspen. 

A  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.  The  wood  is  light, 
hard,  and  very  close-grained,  but  decays  rapidly  when 
exposed — more  rapidly  than  the  bark,  which  often 
remains  as  a  shell  long  after  the  wood  within  has 
disappeared.  It  is  very  largely  used  in  making  spools, 
jDegs,  shoe-lasts,  in  turnery,  for  wood-pulp,  and  for  fuel. 
The  waterproof  bark  is  much  used  by  Indians  and 
trappers  for  their  canoes. 


Give  me  of  your  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Of  your  yellow  bark,  O  Birch-Tree  ! 
Growing  by  the  rushing  river, 
Tall  and  stately  in  the  valley  ! 
I  a  light  canoe  will  build  me, 
That  shall  float  upon  the  river, 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  autumn, 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily. 

'  Lay  aside  your  cloak,  O  Birch-Tree  t 
Lay  aside  your  white-skin  wrapper, 
For  the  summer  time  is  coming, 
And  the  sun  is  warm  in  heaven, 
And  you  need  no  white- skin  wrapper  !  '  " 

Hiawatha. 


Leaves  Alternate.  59 


Fig.    29. — Red    Birch,    River    Birch.      B.  nigra,  L.j    B.    rubra, 
Michaux,  f. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  unequally  double- 
toothed  ;  entire  at  base. 

Outline,  egg-shape,  often  approaching  diamond-shape. 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  somewhat  ■  pointed,  often 
rather  blunt  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  short  (about  one  half  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch)  and  downy. 

Leaf,  about  three  inches  long  by  two  inches  wide,  or  often 
less  ;  whitish  and  (until  old)  downy  beneath  ;  dotted  ; 
in  autumn  turning  to  a  bright  yellow. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  reddish-brown.  As  the  tree  grows  the 
bark  becomes  torn  and  loose,  hanging  in  thin  shreds 
of  varying  shades.      The  young  twigs  are  downy. 

Found,  on  low  grounds,  especially  along  river  banks,  from 
Massachusetts  westward  and  southward.  It  becomes 
common  only  in  the  lower  part  of  New  Jersey.  Its 
finest  growth  is  in  the  South.  It  is  the  only  birch 
which  grows  in  a  warm  climate. 

A  tree  usually  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  the 
branches  long  and  slender,  arched  and  heavily  drooping. 
Often  the  branches  cover  the  trunk  nearly  to  the  ground. 
"  Birch  brooms"  are  made  from  the  twigs. 


6o  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 


Fig.  30. — Yellow  Birch.     B.  littea,  Michaux,  f. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate   (often    alternate    in    pairs)  ; 

EDGE   VERY   SHARPLY,   UNEQUALLY,   AND   RATHER 
COARSELY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  narrowed  and 
/^<2r/-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  about  four  by  two  and  one  fourth  inches,  or  often 
smaller;  thin  ;  downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Ribs,  straight. 

Outer  bark  of  trunk  thin  and  a  silvery  yellow,  and  separat- 
ing into  narrow  ribbons  curling  outwards  at  the  ends. 
The  twigs  and  the  bark  are  sweet-tasting  and  aromatic, 
but  less  so  than  in  the  "Sweet  Birch." 

Found,  in  moist  woods,  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, in  Delaware  and  Southern  Minnesota,  and 
northward  into  Canada. 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  or  often  more  in  height ;  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  non-evergreen  trees  of 
New  England  and  Canada.  Its  hard,  close-grained  wood  is 
largely  used  for  fuel,  in  making  furniture,  button-moulds, 
wheel-hubs,  pill-boxes,  etc. 


Fijr.  30 


Fig.  29.— Red  Birch.     (B.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  30.— Yellow  Birch.     (B.  liltea,  Michaux,  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


62  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 


Fig.  31. — Sweet  Birch,  Cherry  Birch,  Black  Birch.    B.lenta,L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  finely  and  sharply 

DOUBLE-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.     Apex,  pointed.      Base,  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  short  and  downy. 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long  ;  about  one  half  as  wide  ; 
silky-hairy  when  young,  but  becoming  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  dark  chestnut-brown  ;  smoothish  when 
young,  but  becoming  rough  in  old  trees.  The  smaller 
branches  are  smooth  and  dotted  with  white  spots. 
In  its  leaves  and  the  color  of  the  twigs  it  somewhat 
resembles  the  garden  cherry.  The  foliage  and  bark 
are  very  aromatic  and  sweet-tasting. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  Northern  Delaware,  west- 
ward, and  southward  along  the  mountains.  It  is 
very  common  in  the  northern  forests. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  many  slender 
branches.  The  wood  is  hard,  fine-grained,  and  of  a  red- 
dish tint.  It  is  largely  used  for  cabinet-work  (sometimes 
in  place  of  the  more  valuable  Black  Cherry)  and  for  fueL 


Fig.  31— Sweet  Birch.     (B.  lenta,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


64  Trees  with  St7nple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Genus  OSTRYA,  Scop.      (Hop-Hornbeam.) 

Fig.   32,   a  and  b.  —  Hop-Hornbeam,    Ironwood,   Leverwood. 

O.  Virginiana  (Mill),   Willd. 

Leaves,   simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge    very   sharply   and 

SLIGHTLY    IRREGULARLY    AND    UNEQUALLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf -stem,  about  one  fourth  inch  long,  and  often  rough. 

Leaf,  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size  on 
the  same  branch  ;  smoothish  above,  paler  and  some- 
what downy  below.  The  straight  ribs  and  their 
angles  hairy. 

Bark  of  trunk,  brownish  or  dark  gray,  and  remarkable  for 
being  finely  furrowed  up  and  down,  with  the  ridges 
broken  into  three-  to  four-inch  lengths.  These  divi- 
sions are  narrower  than  on  any  other  rough-barked 
tree,  and  they  become  narrower  and  finer  as  the  tree 
grows  older.  The  new  shoots  are  reddish  green  and 
dotted  with  brown  ;  the  younger  branches  purplish- 
brown  and  dotted  with  white  or  gray.  When  the 
branch  is  two  to  three  inches  thick,  its  bark  becomes 
grayish  and  begins  to  crack. 

Fruit,  in  long  oval,  drooping  clusters,  resembling  those  of 
the  hop-vine,  with  long,  unlobcd  scales  that  lap  each 
other  like  shingles.      August,  September. 

Fotind,  oftenest  on  dry  hill-sides.  Common  North,  South, 
and  West,  especially  in  Southern  Arkansas. 

A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  white,  very 
strong,  and  compact  wood.  It  would  be  very  valuable,  if 
it  were  more  abundant  and  of  larger  growth. 


Fig>  32._Hop- Hornbeam.      O.  Virginiana  (Mill),  Willd. 

a.   Leaves.      /'.   Fruit. 


NATURAL  SIZE. 


66  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

Genus  CARPINUS,  L.      (Hornbeam.) 

Fig.  33,  a  and  b. — Hornbeam,  Ironwood,  Water  Beech,  Blue 
Beech.      C.  Caroliniana,   Walt. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge   very   sharply    and 

QUITE    IRREGULARLY    AND    UNEVENLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  egg-shape,  or  reverse  long  egg-shape. 
Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly- 
heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  half  inch  long,  slender  and  smooth, 
or  slightly  hairy. 

Leaf,  usually  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  half  as 
wide,  but  with  many  smaller  leaves  of  varying  size 
on  the  same  branch  ;  nearly  smooth,  slightly  hairy  on 
the  straight  and  distinct  ribs  and  in  their  angles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  deep  bluish-gray  or  slate  ;  smooth,  but 
often  marked  up  and  down  with  irregular  ridges, 
which  run  from  each  side  of  the  lower  branches. 
The  new  shoots  are  somewhat  hairy,  and  brownish 
or  purplish  ;  the  older  branchlets,  an  ashy-gray  color, 
with  a  pearly  lustre. 

Fruit,  in  loose  drooping  cluster,  with  leaf-like  scales  that 
are  strongly  three-lobed  and  placed  in  pairs  base  to 
base.      October. 

Found,  along  streams  and  in  swamps.  Quite  common 
North,  South,  and  West  ;  northward  often  only  as 
a  low  shrub. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  usually  ten  to  twenty  feet  high, 
but  in  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  sometimes 
reaching  a  height  of  fifty  feet.  Its  wood  is  white  and 
very  compact  and  strong. 


4 


(a') 


^t 


'¥ 


Fig-  33-— Hornbeam.     (C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.) 

a.   Fruit  scales.     /'.    Leaves. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


68  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [ah 

Genus  CASTANEA,  L.     (Chestnut.) 

From  the  name  of  a  town  in  Thessaly. 

Fig.  34. — Chestnut.   C.  safiva  (L.),  var.  Americana  (  Michaux),  Sarg, 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed  with 
the  teeth  bristle-pointed  and  the  hollows  between 
rounded. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval.     Base  and  Apex  taper-pointed. 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  two  to  three  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  above  and  below  ;  with  straight  ribs  terminat- 
ing in  the  bristle-teeth. 

Bark  of  trunk  grayish  and  in  young  trees  very  smooth. 

Fruit,  with  large  bristly  husks.  Usually  there  are  two  or 
three  nuts  pressed  closely  in  each  cell,  and  therefore 
flat  on  one  or  both  sides.  The  nut,  though  smaller, 
is  sweeter  and  more  delicate  than  in  the  European 
variety,  the  "Spanish  Chestnut." 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  to  Delaware  and  Southern 
Indiana;  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
and  west  to  Middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Its 
finest  growth  is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more,  with  light, 
soft  wood,  largely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  railway  ties, 
posts,  etc. 


Fig-  34-— Chestnut.     C,  Sativa  (L.),    var.  Americana  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


70  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [a  ii 

Genus  FAGUS,  L.  (Beech.) 

Fig-  35- — Beech.     F.ferruginea,  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;    edge  sharp-toothed,  with 

SMALL  AND  REMOTE  TEETH. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long,  about  half  as  wide  ;  a  very 
"finished"  leaf;  when  young,  fringed  with  soft, 
white  hairs  ;  becoming  smooth  and  polished ;  with 
distinct  and  straight  unbranched  side-ribs,  ending  in 
the  teeth  of  the  edge.  The  dead,  bleached  leaves 
often  cling  thickly  to  the  branches  throughout  the 
winter. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray,  smooth,  and  unbroken. 

Fruit,  a  small  four-celled  prickly  burr,  splitting  half-way 
to  the  base  when  ripe,  and  with  two  sweet,  three- 
sided  nuts  in  each  shell. 

Found  in  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward, with  its  finest  growth  on  the  "  bluffs  "  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  basin. 

Large  stately  trees,  with  spreading  branches  and  a 
delicate  spray,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  very  close-grained,  and  is  used  largely  in  the 
making  of  chairs,  handles,  plane-stocks,  shoe-lasts,  and 
for  fuel.  When  the  tree  is  not  crowded,  it  sends  out  its 
nearly  horizontal  or  drooping  branches  as  low  as  from 
ten  to  thirty  feet  above  the  ground. 

Lumber-men  make  the  distinction  of  "Red  Beech" 
and  "White  Beech,"  claiming  that  the  former  is  harder, 
with  a  redder  and  thicker  heart-wood. 


Fig-  35- — Beech.     (F.  ferruginea,  Ait.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


72  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Among  woodsmen  and  the  Indians,  the  Beech  is  said 
to  be  a  favorite  refuge  in  thunder-storms.  They  claim 
that  it  is  scarcely  ever  struck  by  lightning. 


Lumber-men  claim  a  difference  in  the  quality  of  trees 
which  retain  their  leaves  and  those  which  shed  them. 
"  Said  a  neighbor  to  me  one  day  :  '  You  might  'a  knowed 
that  beech  would  split  hard  with  all  the  dry  leaves  on  it," 
— and  it  did.  That  was  the  first  I  'd  ever  heard  of  the 
sign,  but  I  've  never  known  it  fail  since." 


LIST  OF  WILLOWS. 

(A)  Native  trees ;  all  small  : 

Black  Willow  (S.  nigra,  Marshall). 
Scythe-leaved  Willow  (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Ton*.). 
(S.  amygdaloides,  Anders.). 
Shining  Willow  (S.  liicida,  Muhl.). 
Long-beaked  Willow  (S.  rostrata,  Richards). 

(B)  Not  native  trees  ;  all  large  : 

White  Willow  (S.  alba,  L.). 
Blue  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  caertilea). 
Yellow  Willow  (S.  a.,  var.  vittelina). 
Weeping  Willow  (S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.). 
Crack  Willow  (S.  fragilis,  L.). 

Genus  SALIX,  L.      (Willow.) 

From  two  Celtic  words  meaning  "  near"  and  "water." 

Fig.  36,  a  and  b. — Black  Willow.     S.  nigra,  Marsh. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,    long    and    narrow.      Apex,    long,    taper-pointed 
Base,   pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 


Fig.  36.— Black  Willow.    (S.  nigra,  Marsh.) 
a.  Commonest  form.     b.   Large  form. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


74  T?'ees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 

Leaf-ste??i,  short  and  woolly. 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  four  inches  long  ;  commonest 
length  about  two  inches  (Fig.  t>3>  a)  ',  downy  when 
young,  becoming  smooth  excepting  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  mid-rib,  which  is  usually  woolly. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  and  rough  ;  branches  very  brittle  at 
the  base  and  yellowish  ;  twigs  tough  and  purplish  or 
yellow. 

Found,  in  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario,  and 
from  Northern  Vermont  southward.  Common  on 
low  ground,  especially  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

A  small  tree,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high  ;  quite  variable 
in  the  style  of  its  foliage  ;  the  latest  to  flower,  in  May. 


S.  amygdalbides,  Anders,  (sometimes  considered  a 
variety  of  S.  nigra)  is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  westward. 


Fig-   37- — Scythe-leaved   Willow.     ,5".  nigra,  var.  falcata,   Torr. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  veky  ftnely  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow,  often  "  scythe-shaped."  Apex, 
long,  taper-pointed.  Base,  gradually  narrowing  and 
pointed  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  short.  Stipules  (two  small,  leaf-like  appendages 
at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stem),  not  falling  off  when 
young,  as  in  most  of  the  willows  ;  moon-shaped,  finely 
toothed,  wider  than  long. 


Fig-  37-— Scythe-leaved  Willow.     (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Torr.? 

a.   Stipules.     /'.  Leaves. 

NATURAL,   SIZE. 


76  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        la  ii 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long ;  green  and  smooth  above 
and  below  (silky-downy  when  young). 

Found,  on  low  ground  from  New  England  to  the  Middle 
States  and  westward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub).  The  persistent 
stipules  and  the  length  of  the  leaf  furnish  ready  signs  for 
distinguishing  it  from  S.  nigra. 


Fig.  38. — Shining    Willow,    Glossy    Broad-leaved    Willow. 
S.  lucida,  MnJil. 

Leaves,    simple  ;    alternate  ;     edge    very    finely    and 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  about  one  fourth  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Leaf-buds,  yellowish  and  smooth. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  five  or  six  inches  long,  one  inch  or 
more  wide  ;  dark  above,  smooth  and  shining  above 
and  below.  Middle  ribs  usually  whitish,  and  distinct 
above. 

Found,  from  New  England  southward  to  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  west  and  north.  Rather  common, 
usually  on  wet  grounds. 

A  small  tree  (or  often  a  shrub)  twelve  to  twenty-five 
feet  high. 


Fig-  38.— Shining  Willow.     (S.  liicida,  Muhl.) 

•  NATURAL     SIZE. 


78  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [a  ii 

Fig-  39- — Long-beaked  Willow,  Ochre-flowered  Willow.     S. 

rostrata,  Richards. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alernate  ;  edge  usually  obscurely 
toothed,  but  varying  from  quite  sharp-toothed  to 
almost  entire  and  slightly  wavy. 

Oiitlinc,  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp  (or 
sometimes  rather  blunted).  Base,  narrowing  to  a 
point  (or  sometimes  slightly  rounded). 

Leaf,  two  to  four  inches  long  ;  soft,  downy,  and  almost 
velvety  beneath  ;  smoothish  above  ;  ribs  distinct. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  colored  ;  of  the  branches,  usually 
yellow ;  twigs,  reddish-brown,  straight  and  tough, 
downy  when  young,  becoming  smooth. 

Found,  along  borders  of  woods,  and  on  low  grounds,  from 
New  England  to  Pennsylvania,  far  westward  and 
northward. 

A  small  tree  (or  sometimes  a  shrub),  four  to  fifteen 
feet  high. 

Fig.  40.— White  Willow.     [S.  alba,  Z.] 
Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;   edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long,  three  quarters  of  an  inch 
wide  ;  surface  with  white  silky  hairs  beneath,  and 
often  above  ;  branches  not  yellow,  and  very  brittle 
at  the  base. 

Introduced  from    Europe,   but    now   common   around 
houses  and  in  low  grounds. 


Fig-  39~  Long-beaked  Willow.     (S.  rostrata,  Richards. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


8o  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

A  very  large  and  familiar  tree  (fifty  to  eighty  feet 
high),  one  of  the  largest  of  the  Willows ;  low-branching ; 
thick-set,  of  tough  and  rapid  growth.  A  stake  set  in  the 
ground  grows  readily.  The  silvery  look  of  the  tree 
(especially  in  a  strong  wind)  is  due  to  the  gloss  of  its 
downy  leaves. 

The  Blue  Willow  [van  cserulea  S.]  is  naturalized  in 
Massachusetts. 

Fig.  41. — Yellow  Willow,  Golden  Osier.     [S.  alba,  var.  vitelPina, 
S.  and  B.] 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
the  teeth  somewhat  thickened. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed  ;  in  the 
young  leaves  often  broad  and  rounded.     Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  small  (two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  about 
one  half  to  five  eighths  of  an  inch  wide)  ;  surface 
with  white,  silky  hairs  beneath  and  often  above, 
especially  in  the  young  leaves. 

Branches,   brittle   at  the  base,    smooth    and   shining   and 

yellow. 

Blossoms,  in  May. 

hitroduced,  from  Europe,  but  now  found  throughout  the 
United  States.  Common  around  houses  and  in  low 
grounds. 

A  broad-spreading  tree  (thirty  to  forty  feet  high), 
branching  low,  and  with  the  branchlets  thick  and  rather 
erect.  The  tree  has  a  yellowish  look,  due  to  the  color  of 
its  twigs  and  branches. 


Fig.  40.— White  Willow.     [S.  alba,  L.] 
Pig.  41.— Yellow  Willow.     [S.  a.,  vitelline,  S.  and  B. 

a.  Young  leaf.     b.   Mature  leaf. 

Fig.  42.— Weeping  Willow.     [S.  Babyldnica,  Tourn.] 
Fig-  43—  Crack  Willow.     [S.  fragi'.is,  L.] 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


82  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [a  ii 

"  The  French,  finding  their  native  forests  giving  out, 
took  to  planting  a  species  of  willow,  Salix  vztelllua, 
largely  for  hoops.  So  successful  have  they  been  that, 
besides  raising  all  they  want  for  their  own  use,  they  now 
export  largely  to  British  markets.  Scotch  herring  barrels 
are  chiefly  bound  with  French  willow  hoops." 


Fig.  42. — Weeping  Willow.     [S.  Babylbnica,  Toum.~\ 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.      Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base, 
pointed. 

Leaf,  about  five  inches  long  by  three  fourths  of  an  inch 
wide  ;   somewhat  silky,  or  smooth. 

Branches  and  branchless,  very  long,  curved,  and  drooping 
nearly  to  the  ground. 

Introduced,  from  Europe,  now  common,  and  much  used  in 
ornamental  cultivation. 

A  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high. 


The  Latin  name  (Babylonica)  was  suggested  by  the 
lament  of  the  Hebrews,  in  the  137th  Psalm. 

"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  we  sat  down  : 
Yea  we  wept  when  we  remembered  Zion. 
We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  willows  in  the  midst  thereof." 


Leaves  Alternate.  83 

Fig.  43.— Crack  Willow.     [S.  frcigilis,  £.] 

Leaves,  simple;  alternate;  edge  strongly  and  some- 
what unevenly  toothed,  the  teeth  thickened  and 
their  points  slightly  incurved,  so  as  to  appear  some- 
what blunted. 

Outline,  narrow  lance-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
taper-pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth,  with  two  small  warts  on  the  upper  side 
near  the  base  of  the  leaf. 

Leaf,  about  five  or  six  inches  long,  about  seven  eighths 
of  an  inch  wide  ;  dark  and  smooth  above  ;  lighter 
and  smooth  below  (slightly  silky  when  young). 

Branches,  smooth,  shining,  and  greenish  ;  very  brittle  at 
the  base,  cracking  off  almost  "at  a  touch." 

Introduced,  from  Europe. 

A  tree  sometimes  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  a 
bushy  head  and  irregular  branches.  Its  withes  are  used 
for  basket-work. 


"  The  greene  willow  boughes  with  the  leaves  may  very 
well  be  brought  into  chambers  and  set  about  the  beds  of 
those  that  be  sicke  of  agues,  for  they  do  mightily  coole 
the  heate  of  the  aire,  which  thing  is  a  wonderfull  refresh- 
ing to  the  sicke  patients." — Gerardes'  Herbal. 


84  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Genus   POPULUS,  L.      (Aspen,  Poplar.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning-  the  people  ;  either  because  the  tree  was  often  planted 
along  public  walks,  or  on  account  of  the  restlessness  of  its  leaves. 

Fig.  44. — Aspen,  White  Poplar.     P.  tremuldides,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  sharp-toothed,  with 
rounded  hollows  between. 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  short,  sharp-pointed.  Base, 
slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  slender  and  very  much  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  wide,  and  usually  about 
one  half  inch  shorter  than  wide  ;  dark  green  ;  smooth 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  with  a  slight  down  on  the 
edge.      Ribs  distinct  above  and  below  and  whitish. 

Bark  of  trunk,  greenish-white  and  smooth,  often  with 
blotches  of  very  dark  brown,  especially  under  the 
ends  of  the  branches.     The  bark  is  exceedingly  bitter. 


Found,  from  Northern  Kentucky  and  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  northward  to  Hudson  Bay  and  New- 
foundland, northwest  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  and  along 
the  Rocky  Mountain  slopes.  It  is  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  North  American  trees. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  white,  soft 
wood  that  is  largely  used  in  place  of  rags  in  making 
coarse  paper.  The  tremulousness  of  its  foliage,  which 
the  slightest  breeze  stirs,  is  due  to  the  thinness  of  the 
sidewise-flattened  leaf-stems. 


Fig.  44.— Aspen.     (P.  tremuloides,  Michx.> 
NATURAL  SIZE. 


86  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Tradition  accounts  differently  for  the  motion  of  the 
leaves.  It  says  that  the  wood  of  the  aspen  tree  was  taken 
for  the  Saviour's  cross,  and  that,  ever  since,  the  tree  has 
shivered. 

Another  tradition  claims  that,  when  Christ  went  by 
on  his  way  to  Calvary,  all  the  trees  sympathized  and 
mourned,  excepting  the  aspen  ;  but  when  he  died,  there 
fell  upon  the  aspen  a  sudden  horror  of  remorse,  and  such 
a  fearful  trembling  as  has  never  passed  away. 

In  describing  the  occupations  of  the  fifty  maidens  in 
the  hall  of  the  "  gorgeous  palace "  of  King  Alcinous, 
Homer  says  : 

" .  .     some  wove  the  web 

Or  twirled  the  spindle,  sitting,  with  a  quick 
Light  motion  like  the  aspens  glancing  leaves." 

Fig.  45. — Large-toothed  Aspen.     P.  grandidentata,  Michaux. 
Leaf,    simple  ;     alternate  ;    edge  large-toothed,  with 
the  hollows  rounded. 

Outline,  wide  egg-shape.  Apex,  sharp-pointed.  Base, 
squared,  or  slightly  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender,  and  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  on  both  sides 
when  mature  ;  white,  and  covered  thickly  with  silky 
wool  when  young.     Ribs,  whitish  and  distinct  above. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth,  and  of  a  soft,  light  greenish- 
gray  ;  when  old,  becoming  somewhat  cracked.  On 
the  young  branches  the  bark  is  dark. 

Found,  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  through  the 
Northern  States,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
North  Carolina,  and  west  to  Wisconsin  and  Iowa. 
Rare  at  the  South,  common  at  the  North. 


Fig.  45. — Large  Toothed  Aspen.     (P.  grandidentata,  Michx.) 
.  NATURAL    SIZE. 


88  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [An 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  open,  crooked 
branches.  Large  quantities  of  the  soft,  white  wood  are 
ground  into  pulp  for  making  paper.  "  In  both  this  and 
the  preceding  species,  the  leaves  of  young  sprouts  are 
often  differently  shaped  and  toothed,  and  much  en- 
larged."— (Porter.) 

Poplar  wood,  like  other  soft  woods,  is  not  usually 
esteemed  for  durability  ;  but  an  old  couplet,  said  to  have 
been  found  inscribed  on  a  poplar  plank,  teaches  dif- 
ferently : 

"  Though  '  heart  of  Oak  '  be  e'er  so  stout, 
Keep  me  dry,  and  I  '11  see  him  out." 


Fig.  46. — Downy-leaved  Poplar,   River  Cottonwood,  Swamp 
Cottonwood.     P.  hetcropJiylla,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  toothed. 

Outline,  roundish  egg-shape.  Apex,  usually  blunt  (never 
taper-pointed).  Base,  heart-shape,  sometimes  with  the 
lobes  so  close  or  overlapping  as  to  cover  the  end  of 
the  leaf-stem. 

Leaf -stem,  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long  (on  young  sprouts,  eight  to 
ten  inches)  ;  when  young,  thickly  covered  with  white 
down  ;  becoming  smooth,  except  on  the  ribs  below. 

Foitnd,  in  borders  of  swamps,  from  Long  Island  south- 
ward to  Southern  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  Western  Louisiana,  and  northward  to  Southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana.      Rare  and  local. 

A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high. 


Fig.  46.— Downy-leaved  Poplar.     (P.  heterophylla,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


9°  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [aii 

Fig.  47. — Cottonwood,  Poplar,  Necklace  Poplar,  River  Poplar. 

P.  moniDfera,  Ait.     P.  angulata,  Ait. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  somewhat  irregularly 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  (approaching  triangular-shape). 
Apex,  long,  taper-pointed.  Base,  squared,  slightly 
hollowed,  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  long  and  slender  and  much  compressed  sidewise. 

Leaf,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  (much  larger  on 
young  shoots)  ;  length  and  width  nearly  the  same  ; 
smooth  ;  ribs  distinct  and  whitish  on  both  sides, 
irregular,  and  branching. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light  "granite-gray,"  smooth  on  young 
trunks,  becoming  somewhat  rough  with  age,  and  with 
rounded  up-and-down  furrows.  New  and  vigorous 
shoots  are  green,  and  marked  with  short  white  or 
brownish  lines. 

Seeds,  covered  with  a  white,  cotton-like  fibre. 

Fo7ind,  from  Western  New  England  southward  to  Wes- 
tern Florida,  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
The  common  "  cottonwood  "  of  the  West,  bordering 
all  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  high.  The  very 
light  and  soft  wood  is  largely  used  in  making  paper  pulp, 
for  light  boxes,  and  for  fuel. 


Experiments  have  been  made  in  separating  and  weav- 
ing the  cottony  fibre  of  the  poplar  seeds.  It  can  be 
manufactured  into  cloth,  but  not  in  paying  quantity  and 
quality. 


Fjo^  47. — Cottonwood.     (P.  monilifera,  Ait.) 

NATURAL     SIZE 


92  Trees  zvitk  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fig.  48. — Balsam  Poplar,  Tacamahac.     P.  balsannfera,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  finely  and  rather 

SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Outline^  egg-shape.     Apex,  taper-pointed.     Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  nearly  smooth,  the  lower  half  rounded,  the 
upper  part  only  slightly  flattened.  The  leaf-buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  yellow,  and  covered  with  a 
fragrant  gum  (as,  to  some  extent,  are  the  buds  of 
most  of  the  poplars). 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  long ;  when  young,  yellowish 
above,  becoming  bright  green  ;  whitish,  and  "  net- 
veined  "  below  ;  smooth. 

Found  in  Northern  New  England,  Central  Michigan,  and 
Minnesota,  and  far  northward. 
A  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  with  very  light  and 

soft  wood. 

Fig.  49. — Balm  of  Gilead,  Heart-leaved  Balsam  Poplar.    P. 

balsaniifera,  var.  candicans  (Ait.),  Gray. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  toothed. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base,  heart- 
shape. 

Leaf-stem,  usually  hairy,  nearly  round.  The  leaf-buds  in 
the  spring  are  large  and  varnished,  and  very  fragrant. 

Leaf  four  to  six  inches  long,  nearly  as  broad  ;  yellowish 
when  young,  becoming  dark  green  above,  and  whitish 
beneath  ;  net-veined. 

Bark,  smooth  and  greenish,  and  often  dark-spotted. 

Found,   seldom  or  never  growing  wild,  but   common    in 
cultivation. 
A  tree  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  loosely  and  irregularly 

branched,  and  with  abundant  foliage. 


Fig.  49 


Fig.  48.— Balsam  Poplar.     (P.  balsamlfera,  L.) 
Fig.  49.— Balm  of  Gilead.     P.  b.  candicans  (Ait.),  Gray. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


94  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [A  n 

Fig.  50. — Lombardy  Poplar.     [P.  dilatata,  Ait.] 

Leaves,  simple  ;    alternate  ;    edge  toothed. 

Outline,  very  broad  oval  (approaching  diamond  shape). 
Apex,  pointed.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  flattened  sidewise. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  inches  long,  width  and  length 
about  the  same. 

Introduced  about  one  hundred  years  ago  from  Italy,  and 
now  often  found  in  old  settlements. 

A  tall  and  very  slender  tree,  with  crowded,  perpen- 
dicular branches. 

Fig.  51.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar,  Abele,  White  Poplar.   [P.  alba,  Z.] 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  usually  lobed  (the 
lobes  toothed). 

Oiitline,  broad  egg-shape.  Base,  usually  slightly  heart- 
shaped.     Apex  of  the  lobes,  blunt-pointed. 

Leaf  stem,  downy  and  nearly  round. 

Leaf,  usually  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  when 
mature,  smooth  and  dark  green  above,  below  downy 
and  almost  snow-white.  In  the  young  leaves  both 
surfaces  and  the  leaf-stem  are  snowy-white  and  downy. 

A  native  of  Europe  ;  now  widely  introduced. 

A  very  ornamental  tree,  but  troublesome  in  cultiva- 
tion, and  now  out  of  favor  because  of  the  abundance  of 
suckers  that  spring  from  its  roots. 

Note. — See  Chesluttt  Oaks  with  their  genus  under  Sec.  A.  ///.  (a), 


Fig.  50.— Lombardy  Poplar.     [P.  dilatata,  Ait.] 
Fi£«  51.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar.     [P.  alba,  L.] 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    LOBED) 

A   III 

fa  )  and  (b) 


fVAy^a  TV^J^K^j^aSS?  ' 

jf^§2^ 

h 

villi 

llilll 

^^fyfcw 

m 

I 

Genus  LIRIODENDRON,  L.     (Tulip  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  lily  and  tree. 

Fig.  52. — Tulip  Tree,  Whitewood,   Yellow  Poplar.*    L.  tu- 

lip)fera,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (lobes  entire). 

Outline,  rounded.  Apex,  cut  almost  squarely  across,  with 
a  shallow  hollow,  giving  a  square  look  to  the  upper 
half  of  the  leaf.     Base,  usually  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long  and  wide  ;  very  smooth  ; 
with  four  to  six  lobes  (two  lobes  at  the  summit  ;  at 
the  sides  two,  or  two  large  and  two  small). 

Bark  cf  trunk,  dark  ash-color  and  slightly  rough, 

Flowers,  four  to  six  inches  across  ;  greenish-yellow,  marked 
within  with  orange  ;  somewhat  tulip-like,  fragrant, 
solitary.      May,  June. 

Found,  from  Southwestern  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south- 
ward and  westward.  Its  finest  growth  is  in  the 
valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River  and  along  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Among  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  North 
American   trees.      It  is   usually   seventy  to   one  hundred 

*  The  name  should  be  dropped.      The  tree  is  not  a  poplar. 


Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree.     (L.,  tulipifera,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


ioo  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

feet  high,  often  much  higher,  with  a  straight,  clear  trunk, 
that  divides  rather  abruptly  at  the  summit  into  coarse  and 
straggling  branches.  The  wood  is  light  and  soft,  straight- 
grained,  and  easily  worked,  with  the  heart  wood  light 
yellow  or  brown,  and  the  thin  sap  wood  nearly  white.  It 
is  very  widely  and  variously  used — for  construction,  for 
interior  finish,  for  shingles,  in  boat-building,  for  the  panels 
of  carriages,  especially  in  the  making  of  wooden  pumps 
and  wooden  ware  of  different  kinds. 

I  asked  a  carpenter :  "  Hope,  is  n't  it  the  tulip  wood 
(which  you  call  poplar)  that  the  carriage-makers  use  for 
their  panels  ?" 

"  Yes,  and  the  reason  is,  because  it  shapes  so  easily. 
If  you  take  a  panel  and  wet  one  side,  and  hold  the  other 
side  to  a  hot  stove-pipe,  the  piece  will  just  hug  the  pipe. 
It  s  the  best  wood  there  is  for  panelling." 


"  Of  all  the  trees  of  North  America  with  deciduous 
leaves,  the  tulip  tree,  next  to  the  buttonwood,  attains  the 
amplest  dimensions,  while  the  perfect  straightness  and 
uniform  diameter  of  its  trunk  for  upwards  of  forty  feet, 
the  more  regular  disposition  of  its  branches,  and  the 
greater  richness  of  its  foliage,  give  it  a  decided  superiority 
over  the  buttonwood  and  entitle  it  to  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  magnificent  vegetables  of  the  temperate 
zone." — Michaux. 


The  tulip  tree  was  very  highly  esteemed  by  the 
ancients  ;  so  much  so  that  in  some  of  their  festivals  they 
are  said  to  have  honored  it  by  pouring  over  its  roots 
libations  of  wine. 


Leaves  Alternate.  101 

GUIDE  TO  THE   OAKS. 

Section  I. — Leaves,  not  sharp-pointed*  or  bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  annual. 

A.  Leaves,   deeply  lobed,  with  the  ends  of  the  lobes 

and   the   hollows   rounded.      Pp.    102-106.       (The 
White  Oaks.) 

B.  Leaves,  wavy-toothed.*      Pp.  108- 11  2.    (The  Chest- 

nut Oaks.) 

Section    II. — Leaves,     sharp-pointed     or     bristle-tipped. 
Fruit,  biennial. 

A.  Leaves,  abruptly  widening  above  and  slightly  lobed, 
lobes  rounded  f  and  bristle-tipped.  P.  114.  (Black 
Jack.) 

B.  Leaves,  deeply  lobed  ;  the  ends  of  the  lobes  sharp 

and  bristle-tipped. 

(1)  Mature  leaves  downy  beneath.  P.  116.  (Spanish 
Oak.) 

(2)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.  Acorn-cup  with  coarse  scales  and  more  or 
less  top-shaped,  and  covering  one  third  or  nearly 
one  half  of  the  nut.  Pp.  1 18-122.  (Scarlet  Oak 
and  Black  Oak.) 

(3)  Mature  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  nearly 
so.  Acorn-cup  with  fine  scales,  shallow,  saucer- 
shape,  much  shorter  than  the  nut.  Pp.  122-124. 
(Red  Oak  and  Pin  Oak.) 

C.  Leaves,   entire,   very   narrow,   pointed,   and   bristle- 

tipped.      Pp.   126-128.      (The  Willow  Oaks.) 

*  Excepting  yellow  Chestnut  Oak,  which  is  usually  sharp-toothed. 
f  Excepting  sometimes  Black  Jack. 


102  Trees  with  Si7nftle  Leaves-.      [A  hi 

Genus  Ouercus,    L.      (Oak.) 

rossibly  from  a  Celtic  word  meaning  to  inquire,  because  it  was  among  the  oaks  that 
the  Druids  oftenest  practised  their  rites. 

Fig.  53-— White  Oak.     Q.  alba,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  ;  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire  or  sometimes  coarsely  notched  and  hol- 
lowed at  their  ends.) 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  quite  variable  in  size  and  shape  ;  four  to  seven 
inches  long  ;  smooth  ;  pale  beneath  ;  the  lobes  often- 
est five  to  nine,  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
widening  toward  the  end,  but  at  other  times  only- 
three  to  five,  short  and  broad,  and  radiating  obliquely 
from  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  slightly  roughened  (comparatively  smooth 
for  an  oak),  light-gray  ;  in  older  trees  loosening  in 
large,  thin  scales  ;  the  inner  bark  white. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  fourth  of  an  inch 
or  more  in  length.  'Cup,  rounded  saucer-shape,  not 
scaly,  but  rough  and  warty  and  much  shorter  than 
the  nut.  Nut,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long,  slightly 
egg-shape  or  oval ;  brown,  sweet,  and  edible.    October. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
southward  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Southeastern 
Minnesota,  Arkansas,  and  Texas.  Its  finest  growth 
is  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  in  the  Ohio  basin. 

A  noble  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  or  more  in  height, 
with  hard,  tough  wood  of  very  great  value  in  many  kinds 
of  manufacturing,  and  for  fuel.  The  withered,  lio-ht-brown 
leaves  often  cling  throughout  the  winter. 


Fig-  53-— White  Oak.  (Q.  alba,  L.) 

LEAVES  AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  FOURTH. 


104  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 

The  "  oak-apples  "  or  "  galls"  often  found  on  oak-trees 
are  the  work  of  "gall-flies"  and  their  larvae.  When  green, 
tiny  worms  will  usually  be  found  at  their  centre.  Quaint 
reference  is  made  to  these  galls  in  Gerardes'  "  Herbal"  : 

"Oak-apples  being  broken  in  sunder  before  they  have 
an  hole  thorough  them  do  fore  shewe  the  sequell  of  the 
yeere.  If  they  conteine  in  them  a  flie,  then  warre  insueth  ; 
if  a  creeping  worme,  then  scarcitie  of  victuals  ;  if  a  running 
spider,  then  followeth  great  sickness  or  mortalitie." 

The  oak,  probably  more  than  any  other  tree,  has  been 
associated  with  worship  of  the  gods.  The  "  Talking 
Tree  "  of  the  sanctuary  in  Dodona  (the  oldest  of  all  the 
Hellenic  sanctuaries,  and  second  in  repute  only  to  that  at 
Delphi)  was  an  oak.  Oak  groves  were  favorite  places 
for  altars  and  temples  of  Jupiter.  The  Druids  worshipped 
under  the  oak-trees. 

Fig.  54.— Post   Oak,   Iron  Oak,   Rough-leaved  White   Oak. 

Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg.      Q.  obtusilbba,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (edge  of  the 
lobes  entire,  or  sometimes  hollowed  more  or  less 
deeply  at  the  ends). 

Outline,  usually  broad,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Base, 
wedge-shape  or  round.      Apex  of  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  four  to  six  inches  lone  ;  rough  above  and  below  ; 
thick  and  coarse.  The  lobes,  five  to  seven  and  ex- 
ceedingly variable  in  size  and  shape,  radiating  almost 
at  right  angles  from  the  middle  rib  ;  sometimes  broad 
and  squared,  sometimes  much  narrowed  toward  their 
base,  with  the  spreading  ends  themselves  lobed  or 
hollowed  ;  often  irregularly  and  unequally  placed. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  resembling  that  of  the  white  oak,  but 
rather  darker.      Inner  bark  white. 


F'g-  54-— Post  .Oak. 

LEAVES    AND    FRUIT 


Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg. 

REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


106  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Acorns,  two  to  three  together  on  a  short  stem  (about  one 
fourth  inch),  or  single  and  nearly  stemless.  Clip, 
round  saucer-shape,  rather  thin,  with  very  small 
scales,  not  warty.  Net,  about  one  half  inch  long; 
egg-shape  or  oval ;  more  than  one  third  covered  by 
the  cup  ;  shining  blackish-brown,  and  often  slightly 
striped  ;  very  sweet. 

Found,  from  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  southward  and 
westward. 
A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  of  value,  especially  in 

the  Southwestern  States,  where  it  is  very  common. 

Fig-  55-— Burr  Oak,  Mossy-cup  Oak,  Over-cup  White  Oak. 

Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  lobed  (the  edge  of  the  lobes 
entire,  or  of  the  larger  ones  sometimes  wavy). 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape.  Base,  wedge-shape.  Apex 
of  the  lobes,  rounded. 

Leaf,  six  to  fifteen  inches  long  (the  longest  of  the  oak- 
leaves)  ;  smooth  above,  downy  beneath  ;  the  lobes 
usually  long  and  rather  irregular,  the  middle  ones 
longest  and  often  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark  of  the  young  branches  always  marked  with  corky 
wings  or  ridges. 

Acorns,  large,  with  short  stems.  Cup,  two  thirds  to  two 
inches  across,  roughly  covered  with  pointed  scales, 
and  heavily  fringed  around  the  nut.  Nut,  very  large 
(one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long)  ;  broad  egg- 
shape  ;  one  half  to  two  thirds  or  often  wholly  en- 
closed by  the  cup. 

JFound,  along  the  coast  of  Maine  southward  as  far  as  the 
Penobscot,  in  Western  New  England,  in  Western 
New  York,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  thence  westward  to 
the  foot-hills  of  the   Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 


V_^- 


^f%' 


7 


Fig.  55. — Burr  Oak.     (Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.) 

LEAVES   AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


108  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

and  from  Central  Nebraska  and  Kansas  southwest  to 
the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 
It  is  found  farther  west  and  northwest  than  any  other 
oak  of  the  Atlantic  forests.      In  the  prairie  region  it  forms 
the  principal  growth  of  the  "  Oak  Openings." 

One  of  the  most  valuable  and  widely  distributed  oaks 
of  North  America,  growing  sixty  to  eighty  feet  in  height, 
or  more,  with  hard,  tough  wood  resembling  that  of  the 
White  Oak.  . 

"  The  most  interesting  thing  about  this  tree,  perhaps, 
is  its  power,  quite  unknown  in  the  other  White  Oaks,  of 
adapting  itself  to  very  different  climatic  conditions,  which 
enables  it  to  live  in  the  humid  climate  of  Maine  and 
Vermont,  to  flourish  in  the  somewhat  drier  climate  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  to  exist  [still  farther  west]  in  the 
driest  and  most  exposed  region  inhabited  by  any  of  the 
Eastern  American  oaks." — Sargent. 


Q.  m.  olivcefbrmis  is  a  variety  found  only  in  a  few  dis- 
tricts (near  Albany  and  in  Pennsylvania),  having  narrower 
and  rather  more  deeply  lobed  leaves. 

Fig.  56. — Swamp  White  Oak.     Q.  liicolor,  Willd.     Q.  primis,  var. 
discolor,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  quite  deeply  wavy- 
toothed. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  blunt-pointed. 
Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long;  smooth,  and  rather 
bright  green  above  ;  whitish-downy  beneath,  becom- 
ing almost  silvery-white  ;  often  with  a  rather  deep 
hollow  just  below  the  middle,  and' usually  abruptly 
spreading  above  ;  the  teeth  unequal,  longest  toward 
the  middle  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  almost  long  enough 


Fig.  56.— Swamp  White  Oak.      (Q.  bicolor,  Willd. 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


no  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [a  iii 

to  be  called  lobes  ;  mostly  rounded  at  the  apex,  but 
sometimes  ending  in  a  hard  point  ;  the  main  ribs 
prominent  and  rust-colored. 

Bark  of  trunk,  grayish-white,  dividing  into  large,  flat  scales. 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  one  and  a  quarter  to 
three  inches  long.  Cup,  rounded,  rather  thin,  rough, 
with  sharp  scales  ;  the  upper  scales  bristle-tipped, 
forming  a  border,  or  sometimes  a  fringe,  along  the 
edge  ;  slightly  downy  within.  Nut,  one  inch  or  less 
in  length,  egg-shape  ;  sweet.      October. 

Found  from  Southern  Maine  and  the  Upper  St.  Law- 
rence to  Southeastern  Iowa  and  Western  Missouri, 
south  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains to  Northern  Georgia  ;  along  borders  of  streams 
and  in  swamps,  in  deep,  rich  soil.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high    or  more,  with  wood 
similar  in  value  to  that  of  the  White  Oak. 

Fig-  57-— Chestnut  Oak,  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak,  Rock  Chest- 
nut Oak.      Q.  prinns,  L.      Q.  prinus,  var.  mont\color,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  coarsely  and  evenly 

WAVY-TOOTHED. 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  sometimes  oval.  Apex, 
blunt-pointed.  Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed, 
and  often  somewhat  unequal. 

Leaf,  four  to  seven  inches  long,  two  to  four  inches  wide  ; 
smooth  above,  paler  and  downy  beneath.  Teeth, 
twelve  to  twenty-six,  decreasing  evenly  and  uniformly 
to  the  apex. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray  ;  furrowed  up  and  down  with  con- 
tinuous and  often  very  deep  furrows,  with  sharp 
ridees  between. 


Fig-  57-— Chestnut  Oak.     (Q.  prinus,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


ii2  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Acorns,  usually  in  pairs  on  a  stem  about  one  half  of  an 
inch  long,  or  often  shorter.  Cup,  rounded  or  some- 
what top-shaped,  with  minute  scales,  or  warty.  Nut, 
usually  long  egg-shape  or  long  oval  ;  one  to  one  and 
one  fourth  inches  long ;  brown  ;  about  one  third 
covered  by  the  cup  ;  sweet.      September,  October. 

Found,  from  Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  York,  south- 
ward to  Delaware,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama  and  westward  to  Central  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee. 

A  tree  forty  to  seventy  feet  in  height,  with  strong, 
hard  wood,  largely  used  in  fencing,  for  railroad  ties,  etc.  ; 
of  less  value  than  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Its  bark  is  very 
rich  in  tannin. 


Fig-.  58. — Yellow  Chestnut  Oak,  Yellow  Oak.     Q.  Muhlenbergii, 
Engel.     Q.  castanea,   Wittd. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  evenly  and  sharplv 
(or  sometimes  bluntly)  toothed. 

Outline,  very  narrow  oval  (or  sometimes  wide).  Apex, 
taper-pointed.      Base,  pointed  or  blunt. 

Leaf-stem,  three  fourths  to  one  inch  long. 

Leaf,  usually  about  five  to  seven  inches  long,  by  one  and 
one  half  to  two  inches  wide,  but  sometimes  so  wide 
as  to  resemble  the  preceding  species  (Q.prinus),  from 
which,  however,  it  is  distinguished  by  its  thin  bark. 
Of  all  the  "chestnut-oak"  leaves  it  most  closely 
resembles  the  chestnut  leaf.  It  is  smooth  above, 
whitish  and  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  trunk,  light,  flaky,  and  thin, 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.     Q.  v'Muhl.),  Engel. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


n4  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Acorn,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  about  five  twelfths  to  seven 
twelfths  of  an  inch  across  ;  rounded  ;  thin,  with  very 
small,  closely  pressed  scales.  Nut,  seven  twelfths  to 
nine  twelfths  of  an  inch  long;  egg-shape  or  narrow 
oval,  light  brown,  about  one  third  covered  by  cup  ; 
sweet.      October. 

Found,  from  Massachusetts  to  Delaware,  along  the  moun- 
tains to  Northern  Alabama  and  westward.  Very 
common   west  of  the   Alleghany   Mountains. 

A  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  strong  and  durable 
wood. 


Fig-  59-— Black  Jack,  Jack  Oak,   Barren  Oak.     Q.  nigra,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  slightly  lobed  at 
the  upper  part  (edge  of  the  lobes  entire). 

Outline,  abruptly  widening  above.  Base,  heart-shape  or 
rounded.  Apex  of  lobes,  rounded  or  sometimes 
slightly  pointed,  and  bristle-tipped,  at  least  until  old. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (on  vigorous  shoots  much 
longer)  ;  dark  green,  smooth,  and  shining  above  ; 
below  rusty  and  roughish,  thick  and  tough  ;  ribs 
distinct  above.  Lobes,  three  (sometimes  five),  very 
short,  and  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf. 

Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  blackish. 

Acorn,  nearly  or  quite  stemless.  Cup,  top-shaped,  coarsely 
scaly.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long ; 
rounded  egg-shape  ;  darkish-brown  when  ripe  ;  nearly 
one  half  covered  by  the  cup.      October. 


Fig-  59-— Black  Jack.     (Q.  nigra,  L. 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


n6  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Am 

Found,  on  Long  Island,  southward  and  westward.     Very 
common  through  the  Southern  States. 

A  small  tree,  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high  ;  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 


Fig.  60. — Spanish  Oak.     Q.  cuneata,  Wang.     Q.  falcata,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (the  edges  of 
the  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  often  with  one  to  three 
teeth  toward  the  ends). 

Outline,  abruptly  spreading  above  the  middle.  Base, 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  unequal.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  when  present,  sharp  and 
bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  dark,  dull  green, 
and  rough  above  ;  below,  grayish  and  downy.  Lobes, 
usually  three,  sometimes  four  or  five,  mostly  long  and 
narrow,  especially  the  end  one. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  grooved. 

Aeorns,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  shallow,  somewhat  top- 
shaped.  Nut,  about  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long  ; 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  hollowed  at  the  apex  ; 
bitter.      October. 

Fo2tnd,  in  sandy  soils  and  barrens,  from  Long  Island 
southward  ;  in  the  Northern  States,  only  near  the 
coast  and  rare. 

A  tree  about  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high  in  New  Jersey  ; 
in  the  South,  seventy  to  eighty  feet ;  with  wood  of  slight 
value  except  for  fuel. 


Fig.  60.— Spanish  Oak.     (Q.  cuneata.  Wang.) 
NATURAL   SIZE. 


n8  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [A  in 


Fig.  61. — Scarlet  Oak.     Q.  cocclnea,  Wang. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  deeply  lobed  (edges 
of  lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed 
towards  the  ends). 

Otitline,  broadly  oval  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape.  Base, 
very  short  wedge-shape  or  squared.  Ends  of  the 
lobes  and  of  the  teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  four  to  eight  inches  long,  bright  green  above,  slightly 
lighter  below  ;  both  surfaces  smooth  and  shining. 
Lobes,  five  to  nine,  usually  seven  with  the  hollows 
rounded  and  very  broad,  and  reaching  about  two 
thirds  of  the  way  to  the  middle  rib.  Most  of  the 
lobes  widen  and  are  deeply  notched  toward  their  end. 

Bark  of  trunk,  thick  and  rough,  usually  not  quite  as  dark 
or  as  straight-furrowed  as  that  of  the  Black  Oak. 
The  inner  bark  reddish. 

Acorns,  variable.  Cup,  very  thick,  top-shaped,  with  large, 
somewhat  triangular  egg-shaped,  scales.  Nut,  one 
half  to  three  fourths  of  an  inch  long;  round  or 
rounded  egg-shape,  about  one  third  covered  by  the 
cup  ;  kernel  bitter  and  whitish.      October. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  southward  and  westward; 
most  common  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 

A  tree  fifty  to  ninety  feet  high,  with  wood  of  less  value 
than  some  of  the  other  oaks.  In  the  fall  the  leaves  turn 
to  a  bright  scarlet,  or  orange-scarlet,  or  crimson  and  red. 
They  often  cling  throughout  the  winter. 


Fig.  61. 


>carlet  Oak.     (Q.  coccinea,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


120  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [Am 

Fig.  62,  a  and  b  — Black  Oak,  Yellow-Bark  Oak,  Quercitron, 
Yellow  Oak.      Q.  cocanea,  var.  tinctbria,  Gray.     Q.  tinctbria,  Bar. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (edge  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  oftenest  with  a  few  teeth 
toward  the  end). 

Outline,  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Base,  usually  rounded. 
Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  few  teeth,  sharp  and 
bristle-pointed,  especially  when  young. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  long  ;  three  to  five  inches  wide ; 
very  variable.  The  two  types,  a  and  b,  are  often 
found  on  the  same  tree  ;  b  is  a  variation  toward  the 
leaf  of  the  Scarlet  Oak.  The  upper  surface  is  rough- 
ish,  becoming  smoother  when  mature  ;  the  under 
surface,  rusty-downy  until  mid-summer,  when  the 
down  mostly  disappears,  except  from  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed, 
with  an  inner  bark  that  is  very  thick  and  yellow  and 
bitter. 

Acorns,  variable  ;  usually  small  ;  on  short  stems.  Cup, 
thick ;  somewhat  top-shaped  ;  scales  distinct  and 
rather  large.  Nut,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long  ;  rounded  ;  nearly  one  third  covered  by  the  cup. 
Kernel,  bright  yellow  or  orange  and  bitter.    October. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  southward  and  westward. 
Very  common,  especially  in  the  Atlantic  forests. 

A  tree  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  high,  with  wood  that  is 
inferior  to  that  of  the  White  Oak.  The  yellow  inner  ^ark 
(quercitron  of  the  shops)  is  a  valuable  dye,  and  is  rich  n*. 
tannin.  Late  in  the  autumn  the  leaves  turn  to  a  rich 
yellowish-brown  or  russet: 


Fig.  62,  a  and  /.—Black  Oak.     (Q.  c,  tinctoria,  Gray.) 

FRUIT    AND     LEAVES     REDUCED    ONE     FOURTH. 


122  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

It  is  very  probable  that  the  "Black  Oak"  and  the 
"  Scarlet  Oak "  ought  to  be  considered  as  one,  and  de- 
scribed, not  as  species  and  variety,  but  as  slightly  different 
forms  of  the  single  species  O.  coccinea.  Though  the 
most  distinctive  leaves  of  the  "Black  Oak"  are  easily 
recognized,  often  others  are  so  nearly  like  those  of  the 
"  Scarlet  Oak  "  that  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  between 
them  ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  fruit  and  the  bark. 
Michaux  f.  says  :  "  The  only  constant  difference  between 
the  acorns  of  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  the  Black  Oak  is  in  the 
kernel,  which  is  white  in  the  Scarlet  Oak  and  yellow  in 
the  Black  Oak." 


The  Gray  Oak  (Q.  c,  ambigua,  Gray)  is  a  variety 
sometimes  found  along  the  northeastern  boundary  of  the 
States  (as  far  as  Lake  Champlain)  and  northward.  It 
combines  the  foliage  of  the  Red  Oak  with  the  acorn  of 
the  Scarlet  Oak. 

Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.     Q.  rubra,  L. 
Leaves,  simple  ;   alternate  ;   edge  lobed  (edges  of  the 

lobes  mostly  entire,  but  slightly  toothed  toward  the 

ends). 
Outline,  about  oval.     Base,  short  wedge-shape,  or  rounded. 

Ends  of  the  lobes  and  of  their  one  to  three  slight 

teeth,  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 
Leaf,  six  to  nine  inches  long,  three  to  five  inches  wide ; 

both  surfaces  smooth.     Lobes,  nine  to  thirteen,  usually 

very  tapering  from  the  base,  with  the  hollows  between 

them  rounded  and  narrow  and  extending  about  half 

way  to  the  middle  rib. 
Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  greenish-gray,  and  continuing  smooth 

longer  than   on  any  other  oak,   never  becoming  as 

rough,  for  example,  as  that  of  the  black  oak. 


Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.     (Q.  rubra,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


124  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Acorns,  large  and  stemless,  or  nearly  so.      Cup,  flat  saucer- 
shape,   bulging,   very    shallow,    nearly    smooth,   with 
small  scales.      Nut,  about  one  inch  long,  somewhat 
egg-shape  ;  bitter.      October. 
Found,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  westward  and 
southward.  Very  common,  especially  at  the  North,  and 
extending  farther  north  than  any  other  Atlantic  oak. 
A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with  wood  that  at  the 
East  is  porous  and  not  durable  (though  often  of  better 
quality   westward).       It   is    used    for    clapboards    and    in 
cooperage.      The  leaves  change  in  the  fall  to  dark  red. 

Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak,  Swamp   Spanish   Oak,  Water   Oak.     Q. 

pal  us  tr  is,  D.  Roi. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  lobed  (edges  of  the 
lobes  mostly  entire,  but  notched  and  toothed  towards 
the  ends). 

Outline,  narrow  oval  or  broad  oval.  Base,  from  long 
wedge-shape  to  squared.  Ends  of  lobes  and  of  the 
teeth  pointed  and  bristle-tipped. 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long  ;  both  sides  bright  green, 
smooth,  and  shining;  downy  in  the  angles  of  the  ribs 
below.  Lobes,  seven  to  nine,  usually  seven,  with  the 
hollows  between  them  broad  and  round  and  usually 
reaching  about  three  fourths  of  the  way  or  more  to 
the  middle  rib.  The  wide  type  of  leaf  closely  re- 
sembles the  leaves  of  the  scarlet  oak,  but  it  is  smaller 
and  usually  the  hollows  reach  nearer  to  the  middle  rib. 

Bark,  smoothish  (comparatively),  inner  bark  reddish. 

Acorns,  numerous,  small,  on  short  stems.  Cup,  top-shaped, 
shallow,  and  nearly  smooth.  Nut,  rounded,  one  half 
inch  long  or  less,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  light 
brown.      October. 


Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak.      (Q.  paliistris,  D.  Roi.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


126  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  to  Central  New 
York,  southward  to  Delaware  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  ;  in  Southern  Wisconsin  and  southward  ; 
usually  along  streams  and  on  low,  wet  land.  Most 
common  and  reaching  its  finest  growth  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

A  handsome  tree  forty  to  sixty  feet  high,  usually  with 
a  pointed  top  and  with  light  and  delicate  foliage.  The 
wood  is  rather  coarse  and  not  durable.  It  takes  its  name 
of  Pin  Oak  from  the  peg-like  look  of  the  dead  twigs  and 
short  branches  with  which  the  lower  parts  of  the  tree  are 
usually  set. 

Fig.  65.— Willow  Oak,  Peach-leaved  Oak.     Q.  Phellos,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  long  and  narrow.  Apex,  pointed  and  bristle- 
tipped.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  three  to  four  inches  long  (sometimes  five)  ;  one  half 
to  seven  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  ;  rather  thick  and 
stiff;  smooth  and  shining  above  ;  somewhat  dull  be- 
neath ;  very  young  leaves,  light  green  above  and  soft, 
whity-downy  beneath. 

Bark,  thick  and  smoothish. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.  Cup,  rather  shallow, 
saucer-shaped,  or  somewhat  rounded  top-shape. 
Nut,  about  three  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  rounded, 
brown  ;  kernel,  bitter  and  bright  orange.      October. 

Found,   from   Staten   Island   and   New  Jersey  southward 
along  the  coast  to  Northeastern  Florida  and  the  Gulf 
States,  and  from  Kentucky  southwestward.      Usually 
on  the  borders  of  swamps  and  in  sandy  woods. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood. 


Fig.  65.— Willow  Oak.     (Q.  Phellos,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


128  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.       [A  in 

Fig.  66.— Shingle  Oak,  Laurel  Oak.     Q.  imbric&ria,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,    long   and    narrow.      Apex,    pointed   and   bristle- 
tipped.     Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  three  to  six  inches  long  ;  one  to  two  inches  wide  ; 
.  smooth    and    shining   above  ;    somewhat   downy   be- 
neath ;  thick  and  stiff. 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken. 

Acorns,  small,  nearly  stemless.    Cup,  shallow.   Nuts,  round- 
ed ;  about  one  half  inch  in  diameter  ;  bitter.    October. 

Bound,    in    Lehigh   County,    Pennsylvania  (Porter),  west- 
ward to   Southeastern   Iowa,  and  southward.      Most 
common  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 
A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  poor  wood,  that 

is  used  at  the  West  for  shingles  and  clapboards. 


Note. — Of  the  nine  hybrids  that  have  been  recognized,  most  are  outside  of  our 
limits  or  entirely  local.      Mention  need  be  made  only  of  two  : 

Q.  helerophylla,  Michaux  ("  Bartram's  Oak  ").  Staten  Island  and  New  Jsrsey  to 
Delaware  and  North  Carolina. 

Q.  Radklni,  Britt.     New  Jersey. 


THE  OAK. 

Live  thy  Life, 

Young  and  old, 
Like  yon  oak, 
Bright  in  spring, 

Living  gold  ; 

Summer-rich 

Then  ;  and  then 
Autumn-changed, 
Sober-hued 

Gold  again. 

All  his  leaves 

Fall'n  at  length, 
Look,  he  stands, 
Trunk  and  bough, 

Naked  strength." 

Alfred  (Lord)  Tennyson,  i 


Note. — See  Sassafras  (S.  officinale),  under  Section  A,  /.,  page  18. 
Note. — See  Buttonwood  (P.  occidentalis),  under  Section  A,  //.,  page  53. 


Fig.  66. — Shingle  Oak.     (Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 30  Trees  zvith  Simple  Leaves.      [A  111 

Genus  LIOUIDAMBER,  L.      (Sweet  Gum.) 

Fig.  67. — Sweet  Gum,  Bilsted.     L.  styraaflua,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  deeply  lobed  (lobes 
finely  and  sharply  toothed  throughout). 

Outline,  rounded.  The  lobes  are  five  to  seven,  radiating 
from  the  base.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed.  Base 
of  the  leaf,  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  three  to  seven  inches  in  diameter,  smooth  and 
shining,  with  a  pleasant  odor  when  bruised.  Ribs 
tufted  at  their  angles. 

Bark,  gray  ;    usually  strongly  winged  with  corky  ridges 
along  the  branchlets.      In   the  South,   a  spicy  gum, 
from  which  the  tree  takes  its  name,  oozes  from  the' 
bark. 

Fruit,  small  woody  pods  are  collected  into  a  round  ball. 
These  usually  contain  a  few  good  seeds  and  a  large 
number  of  others  that  resemble  saw-dust.  Septem- 
ber. 

Found,  from  Connecticut  to  Illinois,  and  southward.  It 
reaches  its  finest  growth  and  is  very  common  in  the 
bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  basin. 

A  fine  tree  sixty  to  seventy  feet  high,  or  southward 
one  hundred  feet  and  more.  The  wood  is  valuable,  and 
would  be  better  appreciated  except  for  the  difficulty 
of  seasoning  it.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute 
for  Black  Walnut.      Its  gum  is  used  medicinally. 


Note  i. — See  Mulberry,  under  A,  //.,  page  50. 

Note  2. — See  Paper  Mulberry,  under  A,  II.,  page  52. 

Note  3. — See  Silver  Poplar,  with  its  genus,  under  A,  II,  page  94. 


Fig.  67.— Sweet  Gum.     (L.  styraclflua,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
B    I 


it 

^^s 

Genus  CORNUS,  L.      (Dogwood.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  horn,  because  of  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 

Fig.  68. — Flowering  Dogwood,  Cornel.     C.  flbrida,  Z, 
Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  egg-shape,  or  often  broad  oval,  or  reverse  egg- 
shape.  Apex,  pointed,  often  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed  and  usually  slightly  unequal. 

Leaf-stem,  short  (about  one  half  inch). 

Leaf,  three  to  five  inches  long  ;  smooth  above  ;  pale  and 
nearly  smooth  beneath  ;  with  the  whitish  ribs  very 
distinct  and  curved. 

Bark  of  trunk,  blackish  and  rough,  with  short,  broken 
ridges.  The  bark,  especially  of  the  roots,  is  very 
bitter  and  is  used  as  a  tonic. 

Flowers.  The  real  flowers  are  greenish-yellow,  in  a  small, 
rounded  bunch  ;  but  this  bunch  is  surrounded  by 
four  large,  petal-like  leaves,  white  and  often  tinged 
with  pink,  more  than  an  inch  in  length,  reverse  egg- 
shaped,  and  ending  in  a  hard,  abruptly  turned  point. 
The  appearance  is  of  a  single  large  flower.  The  tree 
blossoms  in  May  before  the  leaves  are  fully  set. 

Fruit.  The  "  flower "  is  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  oval 
berries  that  turn  bright  red  as  they  ripen,  making  the 
tree  in  the  autumn,  with  its  richly  changing  foliage, 
nearly  as  attractive  as  in  the  spring. 

13-4 


Fig.  68.— Flowering  Dogwood.     (C.  florida,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


*36  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [b  i 

Fo2ind,  in  rich  woods,  from  New  England  to  Minnesota, 
and  southward  to  Florida  and  Texas.  It  is  very 
common,  especially  at  the  South. 

A  finely  shaped,  rather  flat-branching  tree,  usually 
twelve  to  thirty  feet  high,  but  dwindling,  northward,  to 
the  dimensions  of  a  shrub  ;  one  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
all  our  native  flowering  trees.  Its  character  throughout 
and  the  extent  of  its  range  would  seem  to  warrant  the 
recognition  of  its  blossom  as  the  "  national  flower." 


Fig.   60.  —  Alternate-leaved    Dogwood,    Alternate-leaved 
Cornel.      C.  alternifblia,  L.  f. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  (often  crowded  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches)  ;  edge  entire. 

Oittline,  broadly  oval  or  egg-shape  or  reverse  egg-shape. 
Base,  slightly  pointed.      Apex,  pointed. 

Leaf -stem,  one  inch  long  or  more. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  four  inches  long,  sometimes  yellowish- 
green  ;  smooth  above  ;  whitish  beneath,  and  slightly 
rough  between  the  prominent  curved  ribs,  seldom 
entirely  flat,  usually  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  smooth,  yellowish-green,  with 
whitish  streaks. 

Flowers,  yellowish  in  loose  flat  clusters.      June. 

Fruit,  very  dark  blue  when  ripe,  on  reddish  stems. 
August. 


Fig.  69.— Alternate-leaved  Dogwood.     (C.  alternifolia,  L.  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i38  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [b  i 

Found,  in  low  rich  woods  and  along  streams,  from  New 
Brunswick  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  with 
wide-spreading  branches  and  flattish  top.  A  "Shaker 
Medicine  "  is  made  from  its  bitter  bark. 


Genus  CHIONANTHUS,  L.     (Fringe  Tree.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  snow"  and  "  flowers." 

Fig.  70. — Fringe  Tree.     C.  Virgmica,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  oval,  long  oval,  or  reverse  egg-shape.  Apexy 
pointed  (or  sometimes  rounded).      Base,  pointed. 

Leaf,  smooth. 

Flowers,  with  narrow  petals  nearly  an  inch  in  length, 
snow-white,  in  long,  loose,  and  drooping  clusters. 
June. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  purplish, 
with  one  stony  seed. 

Foimd,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  New  Jersey  and 
Southern  Pennsylvania  southward.  Common  and 
very  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

A  small  tree  eight  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  or  often  a 
shrub. 


Fig.  70.— Fringe  Tree.     (C.  Virginica,  L.) 
NATURAL  SIZE. 


140  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [b  i 

Genus  CATALPA,  Scop.,  Walt.      (Catalpa.) 

Probably  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  Catawba,  which  was  the  name  of  an  impor- 
tant tribe  that  occupied  a  large  part  of  Georgia  and  the  Carol inas. 

Fig.  71.— Catalpa,  Catawba,  Indian  Bean.     C.  bignonoides,  Walt. 
Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  broad  egg-shape  or  heart-shape.  Apex,  pointed. 
Base,  heart-shape. 

Leaf,  five  to  eight  inches  wide  ;  smooth  above,  downy 
below,  especially  on  the  ribs. 

Bark  of  trunk,  a  silver-gray,  only  slightly  furrowed. 

Flowers,  very  showy  and  fragrant,  in  large,  upright 
pyramid-shaped  clusters  ;  white  or  violet-tinged, 
spotted  inside  with  yellow  and  purple.      July. 

Frtcit,  in  long,  rounded  pods  (six  to  twelve  inches  long, 
about  half  an  inch  in  diameter),  with  the  seeds 
winged  and  fringed.  They  often  remain  through- 
out   the    winter.       October. 

Fozind,  now  very  widely  naturalized  throughout  the 
Middle  and  Southern  Atlantic  States,  though  for- 
merly a  rare  and  local  Southern  tree. 

A  low,  very  ornamental  tree,  usually  twenty  to  thirty 
feet  hiofh.      Its  seeds  and  bark  are  considered  medicinal. 


Another  species,  C.  speciosa,  Ward,  larger  and  of 
more  value,  is  sometimes  met  with  in  Southern  Illinois 
and  the  adjoining  States. 


Fig.  71.— Catalpa.     (C.  bignonoides,  Walt.) 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


TREES  WITH   SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
B     II 


Genus  VIBURNUM,  L.      (Haw  and  Viburnum.) 

Fig.  72. — Black  Haw,  Stag  Bush.      V.  prunifbhum,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,  broadly  oval,  or  broadly  reverse  egg-shape. 
Apex,  rounded,  sometimes  pointed  Base,  rounded, 
sometimes  slightly  pointed.      Quite  variable. 

Leaf-stem,  short  and  smooth,  the  edges  slightly  winged, 
the  wings  straight. 

Leaf,  about  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long ;  smooth  ; 
shining  above. 

Flowers,  white,  in  rather  large  and  flat,  stemless  bunches 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches.      May. 

Berries,  oval,  blackish,  sweet  and  edible. 

Found,  in  Connecticut  and  Southern  New  York  to 
Michigan  and  southward. 

A  small  tree  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  or  oftenest 
at  the  North  a  low,  much-branching  shrub.  Usually 
with  some  of  its  branches  stunted  and  bare. 

The  tonic  bark  is  sometimes  used  medicinally. 

144 


Fig.  72. — Black  Haw.     (V.  prunifolium,  L.'/ 

Fig.  73. — Sweet  Viburnum.     (V.  lentago,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


1 46  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [bii 


Fig-    73-— Sweet    Viburnum,    Sheep    Berry,    Nanny    Berry. 

V.  lentago,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;    opposite  ;    edge  closely  and  sharply 

TOOTHED. 

Outline,  egg-shape.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  round.  Quite 
variable. 

Leaf-stem,  winged  on  both  sides  with  a  wavy  border ; 
when  young,  sprinkled  with  brownish  glands. 

Leaf,  about  three  to  four  inches  long,  and  half  as  wide  or 
more  ;   smooth. 

Flowers,  white,  in  fiat,  stemless  clusters.      May,  June. 

Frtiit,  one  half  inch  long ;  oval  ;  sweetish  ;  red,  becom- 
ing almost  black  when  ripe  ;  edible. 

Fotuid,  from  Hudson's  Bay  through  the  Northern  States, 
southward  to  Georgia.  Common  in  swamps  and 
rich,  moist  soil. 

A   tree   fifteen    to    twenty   feet   high,   w'th   hard,    ill- 
smelling  wood. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    LOBED) 
B  III 


Genus  ACER,  L.      (Maple.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  sharp,  because  of  the  ancient  use  of  the  wood  for  spear- 
heads and  other  weapons. 


Fig.  74. — Striped  Maple,  Moosewood,  Whistlewood,  Goose- 
foot  Maple.     A.  Pennsylv&nicum.  L 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  lobed,  with  the  lobes 
very  finely  and  sharply  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded  in  the  lower  half,  three-lobed  above 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  sharp.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  slim  and  pointed.  Base,  more  or  less 
heart-shape. 

Bark,  smooth,  green,  and  peculiarly  marked  lengthwise 
with  dark  stripes. 

Flowers,  large,  yellowish-green.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  with  spreading  pale-green  wings,  in  long  clusters. 

Found,  in  Canada,  through  the  Northern  Atlantic  States, 
westward  to  Northeastern  Minnesota,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia. 


A    small    and   slender   tree   or   shrub,    usually   ten    to 
twenty-five  feet  high. 

i4s 


Fig.  74. — Striped  Maple.     (A.   Pennsylvanicum,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


150  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.       [b 


hi 


Fig.  75. — Sugar  Maple,   Hard  Maple,  Rock  Maple.    A.  sdc- 

c/iarum,  Marsh.     A.  saccharinum,  Wang. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  lobed,  with  the  lobes 
very  sparingly  and  coarsely  sharp-toothed  or  the 
lower  pair  entire. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  three  to  five  lobes,  usually  five, 
with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes  and  between  the 
coarse  teeth  rounded.  Apex  of  the  lobes,  pointed. 
Base,  heart-shaped  or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  dark  green  above  ;  slightly  lighter  beneath  ;  smooth 
or  somewhat  downy  on  the  ribs  ;  closely  resembling 
that  of  the  introduced  "  Norway  Maple  "  but  lacking 
the  latter's  milky-juiced  leaf-stem. 

Bark,  light  gray,  usually  smoothish  when  young,  becoming 
rough  and  scaly. 

Flowers,  yellowish-green  and  very  abundant.      April,  May. 

Fruit,  greenish-yellow,  smooth,  drooping,  on  thread-like 
and  hairy  stems  one  to  two  inches  long,  with  wings 
about  one  inch  long,  broad  and  slightly  spreading. 
September. 

Found,  from  Southern  Canada  through  the  Northern 
States,  southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  westward  to  Minnesota,  Eastern  Nebraska,  and 
Eastern  Texas.  Its  finest  development  is  in  the 
region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  It  grows  in  rich  woods ; 
often  it  forms  "groves,"  sometimes  extensive  forests. 

A  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high  or  more  ;  of  very  great 
value   in   many  directions, — as   a  shade-tree,  for  fuel,  for 


Pig,  -75. —Sugar  Maple.     (A.  saccharum,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL     SIZE 


i52  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.      [Bin 

interior  finish  and  the  making  of  furniture,  for  its  ashes, 
which  give  large  quantities  of  potash  ;  especially  for  its 
sap,  which  yields  the  "maple  sugar"  of  commerce. 

Accidental  variations  furnish  the  handsome  Bird's-eye 
Maple  and  Ctcrled  Maple. 


The  yield  of  sugar  by  an  average  tree  in  one  season 
is  from  five  to  ten  pounds. 

Fig.  76. — Black  Maple.     A.  s.,  var.  nigrum,  T.  and  G. 

This  variety  is  distinguished  from  its  species  (z.  e., 
from  the  Sugar  Maple)  by  the  shape  of  its  leaf,  which, 
however,  is  somewhat  variable,  and  also  Ly  the  following 
items  : 

Bark,  blackish. 

Base  of  the  leaf,  when  heart-shaped,  sometimes  with  over- 
lapping lobes. 

Seed-wings,  set  wide  apart,  but  only  slightiy  diverging. 

Found,  chiefly  along  streams  and  in  river  bottoms,  from 
Western  Vermont  to  Missouri  and  Northern  Alabama. 

Fig-  77.— Silver  Maple,   White  Maple,   Soft  Maple.    A.  sac- 
cJiannum,  L.     A.  dasycarpum,  Ehr. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  deeply  lobed,  with  the 
lobes  unequally  notched  and  toothed. 

Outline,  rounded,  with  five  lobes  (the  lowest  pair  much 
the  smallest),  and  with  the  hollows  between  the  lobes 
pointed  and  usually  extending  half  way  to  the  base  of 


ix> 


< 


Fig.  76.— Black  Maple.     (A.  s.,  var.  nigrum.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


154  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.        [Bin 

the  leaf.     Apex  of  lobes,  pointed.    Base,  heart-shaped 
or  nearly  squared. 

Leaf,  silvery  white  beneath  ;  downy  when  young,  becom- 
ing smooth. 

Flowers,  small,  pale,  yellowish-green  ;  in  crowded  clusters. 
March,  April. 

Fruit,  yellowish-green  ;  woolly  when  young,  becoming 
nearly  smooth  ;  on  stems  about  one  inch  long,  with 
very  large,  wide-spreading  wings  (two  to  three  inches 
long),  one  of  which  is  often  undeveloped.    July,  August. 

Found,  widely  distributed,  but  most  common  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  and  southward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  soft,  white  wood 
of  comparatively  slight  value. 

Fig.    78.— Red     Maple,    Swamp     Maple,    Soft     Maple.      A. 

rubrum,   L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  opposite  ;  edge  lobed,  with  the  lobes 
irregularly  sharp-toothed  and  notched. 

Outline,  roundish,  with  three  to  five  lobes  (the  lowest 
pair,  if  present,  the  smallest)  ;  and  with  the  hollows 
between  the  lobes  pointed  and  usually  extending 
less  than  halfway  to  the  base  of  the  leaf.  Apex  of 
the  lobes,  pointed.  Base,  heart-shaped  (or  sometimes 
rounded. 

Leaf  stem,  long  and  round. 

Leaf  (very  variable  in  size  and  in  the  toothing  and  shape 
of  its  lobes)  ;  usually  about  two  to  four  inches  wide, 
with  short  lobes  ;  whitish  beneath. 


Fi&-  77-— Silver-Leaf  Maple.     (A.  saccharinum,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


'56  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.       [Bin 

Bark,  smoothish  ;  gray,  becoming  dark  and  rough  with 
age. 

Flowers,  rich  crimson,  on  short  stems  in  drooping  clusters. 
March,  April. 

Fruit,  bright  red,  smooth,  with  stems  two  to  three  inches 
long.  The  wings  are  about  one  inch  long.  At  first 
they  approach  each  other,  but  afterward  are  some- 
what spreading.      September. 

Found,  widely  distributed  in  swamps  and  along  streams, 
especially  in  all  wet  forests  eastward  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Atlantic,  and  from  Southern  Canada 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with  wood  of  con- 
siderable value,  especially  when  it  shows  a  "curly  grain." 
It  is  one  of  the  very  earliest  trees  to  blossom  in  the 
spring,  and  to  show  its  autumn  coloring  in  the  fall. 


Besides  the  above  native  Maples,  modified  and  intro- 
duced forms  are  often  met  with  in  cultivation.  Among 
them  are  the  Silver-striped  Maple,  the  Ctit-leaved  Maple 
(with  the  lobes  extending  nearly  from  the  base  of  the 
leaf)  ;  the  Norway  Maple  [A.  platanoides,  L.]  (with  a 
leaf  resembling  those  of  the  Sugar  Maple,  but  dis- 
tinguished from  them  by  the  milky  juice  of  its  leaf-stem, 
and  with  large  and  very  broadly  flaring  seed-wings)  ;  the 
False  Sycamore  [A.  pseudo-platanus]  (with  its  leaf 
resembling  that  of  the  Norway  Maple  in  general  shape, 
but  having  its  lobes  much  more  closely  and  more  finely 
toothed,  and  with  its  large  winged  seeds  short  stemmed 
and  arranged  in  long,  drooping  clusters)  ;  and,  less 
frequently,   the   Japanese  Maple. 


Fig.  78.— Red  Maple.     (A.  rubrum,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUED 


LEAVES    INDETERMINATE 

C    I 


GUIDE    FOR    THE    CONE-BEARING  TREES. 

t'AGE 

Leaves  clustered,  in  groups  of  two  to  live  (Pines)  ....  162-167 

(u)  in  groups  of  two  (Gray,  Scrub,  Table  Mountain,  Red,  and  Yellow 

Tines)     ..........       162-165 

(/')  in  groups  of  three  (Pitch  and  sometimes  Yellow  Pines)     .  .  .      166 

(r)  in  groups  of  five  (White  Pine)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .168 

Leaves  clustered,  in  many-leaved  groups  (Larch)  .  .  .  .  .  .175 

Leaves   not   clustered,   flat,   and,   when   young,   arranged   all   around   the   twigs. 

becoming  two-ranked  (Fir)  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .174 

Leaves  not  clustered,  flat,  and  arranged  in  two  distinct  ranks  (Hemlock)     .  .172 

Leaves  not  clustered,   needle-shaped,   four-sided,    and   arranged   all  around   the 

twigs (Spruce)      ...........       168-172 

Leaves  not  clustered,  scale-like  (Arbor  Vitas  and  Cedars)     ....       17S-1S0 


CONE-BEARING    TREES. 


Genus   PINUS,  L.      (Pine.) 

From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  rock  or  mountain. 

Fig.  79. — Gray   Pine,    Northern  Scrub   Pine,    Prince's   Pine. 
P.  Banksiana,  Lam. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved,  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  one  inch  long,  pointed,  stiff, 
curved,  rounded  on  the  back,  grooved  above. 

Cones,  nearly  two  inches  long,  gray,  usually  in  pairs,  and 
curved  like  small  horns,  with  a  peculiar  habit  of 
always  pointing  in  the  same  direction  as  the  branches. 
Scales,  blunt,  smooth,  not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Found,  along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United  States 
and  far  northward.  Its  best  growth  is  north  of 
Lake  Superior. 


A  small  evergreen  tree,  or  often  a  shrub,  five  to  thirty 
feet  high,  with  long,  spreading  branches,  and  light,  soft 
wood  that  is  of  but  slitjht  value. 


1 62  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Fig.  80. — Jersey   Pine,    Scrub   Pine.    P.   Virginiana,  Mill.    P 
inops,  sAit. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  one  and  three  fourths  to  two  and 
three  fourths  inches  long,  stiff,  bluntish  ;  on  the  outer 
side  smooth  and  rounded;  on  the  inner  side  flat,  and 
rough  downwards. 

Cones,  one  and  three  fourths  to  three  inches  long,  usually 
single  and  pointing  downward.  Scales,  tipped  with 
a  stiff,  straight  prickle. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  rough  and  blackish.  Young-  branches 
smooth  (in  other  pines  scaly).      Twigs,  purplish. 

Found,  from  Long  Island  along  the  coast  to  South  Caro- 
lina, and  through  Eastern  and  Middle  Kentucky  to 
Southeastern  Indiana;  in  sandy  and  generally  barren 
soil. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifteen  to  forty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  shape  and  with  straggling,  spreading,  or  drooping 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  "pitchy,"  soft,  and  durable, 
but  poor  even  for  fuel. 


"  Next  to  the  Gray  Pine,  the  Jersey  Pine  is  the  most 
uninteresting  species  of  the  United  States." — Michaux,  f. 

Fig.  81.— Table  Mountain  Pine,  Hickory   Pine.      P.  pungens, 
Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 


Fig.  79 


Fig.  80 


Fig-  81 


Fig.  82 


Fig.  79. — Gray  Pine.     (P.  Banksiana,  Lam., 

Fig.  80.— Scrub  Pine.     (P.  Virginiana,  Mill.) 

Fig.  81. — Table  Mountain  Pine.     (P.  pungens,  Michx.' 

Fig.  82.— Red  Pine.     (P.  resindsa,  Ait.) 

•       NATURAL    SIZE 


1 64  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.         [C  i 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  about  two  and  one  half  inches  long  ; 
stiff;  outer  side  smooth  and  rounded  ;  inner  side 
hollowed. 

Cones,  about  three  and  one  half  inches  long,  of  a  light 
yellow  color,  stemless,  often  united  in  clusters  of 
fours.  Scales,  with  a  stout  spine,  widening  at  its 
base,  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Found,  within  narrower  limits  than  any  other  American 
Pine  ;  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Tennessee,  especially  upon  Table  Mountain 
in  North  Carolina,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the 
range. 

A  tree  ten  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  light  and  soft  wood, 
largely  used  for  charcoal. 


Fig.  82. — Red  Pine,  Norway  Pine.      P.  resinbsa,  Ait.     P.  rubra, 
Michx,  f. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  five  to  eight  inches  long  ;  dark,  dull, 
green  ;  rounded  and  smooth  on  the  outside  ;  on  the 
inside  hollowed. 

Cones,  about  two  to  three  inches  long  ;  rounded  at  the 
base;  sometimes  crowded  in  .large  clusters.  Scales, 
not  armed  with  points  or  knobs. 

Ba7'k  of  the  trunk,  comparatively  smooth  and  reddish,  of 
a  clearer  red  than  that  of  any  other  species  in  the 
United  States. 


Leaves  Indeterminate.  165 

Found,  in  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  Newfoundland  and  the 
northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the 
Winnipeg  River,  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Massachusetts,  in  the  mountains  of  Northern  Penn- 
sylvania. Rare  in  the  Eastern  States,  except  in  the 
extreme  northern  parts  of  New  England. 

An  evergreen  tree  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more, 
with  hard  and  durable  wood,  useful  for  all  kinds  of  con- 
struction.     It  is  low-branching  and  regular  in  shape. 


In  a  note  given  in  confirmation  of  his  estimate  of  the 
height  of  the  red  pine,  Michaux  says  that  when  the 
French  in  Quebec  built  the  war-ship  St.  Lawrence,  fifty 
guns,  they  made  its  main-mast  of  this  pine. 

Fig.  83. — Yellow  Pine,  Short-leaved  Pine,  Spruce  Pine.     P. 
ecpinata,  Mill.     P.  //litis,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
two-leaved  sheathed  bunches.  (On  vigorous  young 
shoots  the  leaves  are  sometimes  clustered  in  threes, 
not  on  the  old  branches.) 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  two  and  a  half  to  five  inches  long, 
usually  four  to  five  inches  ;  dark  green  ;  slender ; 
rounded  on  the  outer  side;  on  the  inner  side, 
hollowed. 

Cone,  about  two  to  three  inches  long,  in  old  trees  scarcely 
more  than  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ;  the  smallest 
of  the  American  Pine  cones  ;  surface  roughened  by 
the  slightly  projecting  ends  of  the  scales  ;  not  grow- 
ing in  large  clusters.  Scales,  tipped  with  a  weak 
prickle  pointing  outward. 


1 66  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [C  i 

Found,  in  Staten  Island  and   New  Jersey,  and  southward 

to     Western     Florida ;      through    the    Gulf     States, 

Arkansas,     and     parts     of     Kansas,     Missouri,     and 

Illinois. 

An    evergreen    tree    forty   to   eighty   feet   high,    with 

straight    trunk,    regular    branches,    and    pyramid-shaped 

head.      The  timber  is  hard  and  very  valuable,  second  in 

value  (among  the  Yellow   Pines)   only  to  the  "  Georgia 

Pine  "    (P.    palustris — "  Long-leaved     Pine,"    "  Southern 

Pine  "). 

Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.     P.  rigida,  Mill. 
Leaves,  simple  ;    indeterminate   in   position   because  of 

their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 

three-leaved  sheathed  bunches. 
Leaf,   needle-shaped,   three  to  six  inches  long  ;  stiff  and 

sharp  ;  the  outer  side  flattish  ;  the  inner  side  slightly 

ridged,  and  rough  downwards. 
Bark,   very  thick  and  rough,  and  deeply  fissured  ;  dark, 

often  with  a  reddish  or  purplish  tinge. 
Cones,   two  to  three  inches  long,   oftenest  in  clusters  of 

two  to  four.     Scales,  tipped  with  stiff  and  sometimes 

curved  prickles. 
Found,   from   New   Brunswick  to  Lake  Ontario,  through 

the     Atlantic     States     to     Northern     Georgia,     and 

extending  to  the    western    slope  of    the    Alleghany 

Mountains,  in  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky.    Usually 

in  dry,  sandy  soil,  sometimes  in  deep  swamps.     Very 

common. 
An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  eighty  feet  high,  with 
very  irregular  branches,  and  a  trunk  that  is  seldom 
straight  to  the  top.  The  wood  is  hard  and  full  of  pitch, 
of  slight  value  except  for  fuel  and  charcoal  and  coarse 
lumber. 


Fig,  83 


FiS.  84 


Fig.  83.— Yellow  Pine.     (P.  ecpinata,  Mill. 
Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.     (P.  rigida,  Mill.) 
Fig.  85.— White  Pine.     (P.  Strobus,  L  ) 

NATURAL    SIZE 


1 68  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [C  i 

Fig.  85.— White  Pine,  Weymouth  Pine.     P.  Strobus,  L. 

Leaves,  simple;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness,  but  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
Jive-leaveci  bunches,  with  their  sheaths  lacking  or  very 
short,  excepting  when  young. 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  three  to  five  inches  long,  light  bluish- 
green,  three-sided,  soft,  and  very  slender. 

Cones,  four  to  six  inches  long,  cylinder-shape,  about  one 
inch  in  diameter  before  the  scales  loosen  ;  solitary, 
drooping,  slightly  curved.  Scales,  thin,  without 
prickles. 

Bark  of  trunk,  lighter  than  in  the  other  pines  ;  in  young 
trees  smooth,  and  only  slightly  rough  when  older. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Winnipeg  River, 
southward  through  the  Northern  States,  and  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Georgia.  Its  finest 
growth  is  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

An  evergreen  tree  of  soft  and  delicate  foliage,  eighty 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high  ;  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able timber  trees  of  any  country.  The  wood  is  clear  of 
knots,  straight-grained,  and  soft,  and  is  used  in  immense 
quantities  for  building  and  in  many  kinds  of  manufactur- 
ing. The  branches  are  given  off  in  flat,  regular  whorls 
around  the  straight  trunk. 


Genus  PICEA,  Link.      (Spruce.) 

Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.     P.  Mariana  (Mill)  B.  S.  P.      P.  nigra, 

Link. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  and  thickly  all 
around   the   branchlets. 


Fig.  8b 


Fig.  87 


Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.     P.  Mariana  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  87.— White  Spruce.     P.  Canadensis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


i/o  Trees  with   Simple  Leaves.  [c  i 

Leaf,  needle-shape,  'five  twelfths  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long,  four-sided,  mostly  straight,  stiff,  and  sharp ; 
dark  green. 

Cones,  three  fourths  to  one  and  one  half  inches  long, 
drooping  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  broad  oval ; 
dark  purple  when  young,  becoming  ?- -eddish-brown 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  long  reverse  egg-shape,*  thin, 
with  a  wavy  or  toothed  edge  toward  their  apex. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Pennsylvania,  through 
the  Northern  States,  and  far  northward.  In  the 
North  it  often  forms  large,  dark  forests. 

An  evergreen  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  with 
straight,  tapering  trunk.  The  wood  is  light  and  straight- 
grained  and  is  used  for  lumber,  for  the  masts  and  spars  of 
ships,  in  building,  etc.  From  its  twigs  is  prepared  the 
"  essence  of  spruce." 


Fig.  87.  —  White    Spruce.      P.  Canadensis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
P.  alba,  Link. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  all  around  the 
branchlets. 

Leaf,  needle-shaped,  five  twelfths  to  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  long,  four-sided,  curved,  sharp,  rather  slender, 
bluish-green,  much  lighter  than  the  leaf  of  the  Black 
Spruce. 

Bark,  lighter  than  that  of  the  Black  Spruce. 

Cones,  one  to  two  inches  long,  and  always  in  the  pro- 
portion of  about  two  inches   in  length  to  one  half 


Fig.  88. — Norway  Spruce.     [P.  excelsa.] 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


i;2  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [Ci 

or  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness  ;  drooping 
at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  ;  long  oval  or  cylinder- 
shape  ;  pale  green  when  young,  becoming  brownish 
as  they  ripen.  Scales,  broad  reverse  egg-shape,  with 
an  entire  edge,  and  rounded  or  somewhat  two-lobed 
at  the  apex. 

Fozcnd,  in  Maine,  Northeastern  Vermont,  Northern  Michi- 
gan, Minnesota,  and  far  northward,  on  low  ground 
and  in  swamps.  It  is  most  common  north  of  the 
United  States  boundaries. 

An  evergreen  tree,  forty  to  seventy  feet  high.      One 
of  the  most  important  of  the  Northern  timber  trees. 

Fig.  88. — Norway  Spruce.     \_P.  exce/sa.] 
This  spruce  is  not  a  native,  but  is  now  very  widely 
cultivated,  and  is  sometimes  found  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion.     It  is  a  finer  and  larger  tree  than  the  native  spruces, 
and  differs  from  them  especially  in  these  items  : 

Cones,  five  inches  and  more  in  length  ;  about  one  and  a 
half  inches  in  thickness. 

Branches  and  branchlets,  heavily  drooping,  especially  in 
the  older  trees. 

Genus  TSUGA,  Cam      (Hemlock.) 

Fig.  89, — Hemlock.      T.   Canadensis  (-L.J,  Carr.     Abies   Canadensis, 

Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  in  two  flat  distinctly 
opposite  ranks  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

Leaf,  one  half  inch  long,,  narrow ;  blunt ;  sometimes 
minutely  toothed  toward  the  apex ;  flat ;  green 
above  ;    silvery  white  beneath. 


Fig.  89.— Hemlock.     T.  Canadensis  (L.),  Carr. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 74  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Bark,  reddish  and  scaly  ;  when  old,  somewhat  roughened 
by  long,  shallow  furrows. 

Cones,  very  small  (three  fourths  of  an  inch  long)  ;  droop- 
ing ;  oval  or  egg-shape.  Scales,  few,  thin,  rounded, 
and  entire.  The  seed  with  the  wing  is  about  three 
fourths  the  length  of  the  scale.  The  cone  does  not 
fall  apart  when  ripe. 

Found,  from  Southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  Valley  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States  to 
Delaware,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to 
Alabama.  Common  northward,  often  forming  large 
forests. 

An  evergreen  tree,  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  irregular 
in  outline,  very  graceful,  especially  when  young,  with 
light  and  delicate  foliage  and  horizontal  or  drooping 
branches.  The  timber  is  very  coarse  ;  the  bark  much 
used  for  tanning,  and  with  medicinal  qualities. 


Genus  ABIES,  Link.      (Fir.) 

Fig.  90. — Balsam  Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir.     A.  bahamea  ( 'Z.J, 
Miller. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  singly  up  and  down  the 
branchlets,  at  first  radiating  about  equally  on  every 
side,  afterward  flattened  into  two  ranks,  as  in  the 
Hemlock. 

Leaf,  one  half  to  one  inch  long,  narrow  ;  apex  blunt  or 
notched  ;  edge  entire ;  flat,  with  a  grooved  line 
above  and  a  corresponding  raised  line  below  ;  bright 
green  above  ;  silvery  white  below. 


Leaves  Indeterminate.  175 

Bark,  smooth  and  unbroken  (especially  when  young),  and 
usually  covered  with  "blisters." 

Cones,  two  to  four  inches  long,  one  inch  broad,  erect,  at 
the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;  violet-colored.  Scales, 
thin  and  flat,  broad  and  rounded.  The  thin  bracts 
between  the  scales  are  tipped  with  a  slender  bristle. 
The  cone  falls  apart  when  ripe. 

Found,  from  the  far  North  through  the  Northern  States 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
to  the  high  peaks  of  West  Virginia.  Common 
northward  in  damp  forests. 

•  A  slender,  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  sixty  feet  high  ; 
pyramid-shaped,  with  regular  horizontal  branches  ;  its 
wood  is  very  light  and  soft.  From  the  "  blisters,"  which 
form  under  the  bark  of  the  jxunk  and  branches,  the  valu- 
able Canada  balsam  is  obtained. 

The  tree  is  short-lived,  and  therefore  of  less  value  in 
cultivation. 


Genus  LARIX,  Tourn.      (Larch.) 

Fig.  91. — Larch,  Tamarack,  Hackmatack.  L.  laricina  (Bit  Roi), 

Koch.     L,  Americana,  Michx. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  closeness  ;  arranged  along  the  branches  in 
many-leaved  bunches  without  sheaths. 

Leaf,  thread-like,  one  to  two  inches  long,  withering  and 
falling  in  the  autumn. 

Bark,  smooth. 


1 76  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  1 

Cones,  about  one  half  inch  long  ;  broad  egg-shaped  ; 
green  or  violet  when  young,  becoming  purple  and 
brownish  as  they  ripen.  Scales,  thin,  nearly  round, 
their  edges  entire. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania,  Northern  Indiana,  and  North- 
ern Illinois  through  the  Northern  States  and  far 
northward.  It  grows  usually  in  low,  swampy  land, 
where  it  often  thickly  covers  large  areas. 

A  tree  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  high  (not  evergreen), 
with  a  straight  trunk  and  slender,  horizontal  branches. 
The  wood  is  durable,  hard,  and  very  strong,  and  is  largely 
used  in  ship-building,  for  posts,  railroad  ties,  etc. 


The  Indians  and  Canadians  were  accustomed  to  use 
the  fibres  of  the  Larch  roots  for  sewing  their  bark  canoes  ; 
and  for  tightening  the  seams,  "the  gum  of  the  Balsam  Fin 

"  Give  me  of  your  roots,  O  Tamarak  ! 
Of  your  fibrous  roots,  O  Larch-Tree  ! 
My  canoe  to  bind  together, 
So  to  bind  the  ends  together, 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 


Give  me  of  your  balm,  O  Fir-Tree  ! 
Of  your  balsam  and  your  resin, 
So  to  close  the  seams  together 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  ! 

And  the  Fir-Tree  tall  and  sombre, 
Sobbed  through  all  its  robes  of  darkness, 
Answered  wailing,  answered  weeping, 
'Take  my  balm,  O  Hiawatha  !  '  " 


Fig.  90.— Balsam  Fir.      A.  balsamea  (L.),  Miller. 
Fig.  91.— Larch.     L,  laricina  (Du  Roi),  Koch. 

NATURAL     SIZE. 


178  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [ci 

Genus  CHAM^CYPARIS,  Spach.     (White  Cedar.) 
Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.  C.  thyoMes  (Z.J,  B.  S. P.    C.  sphceroidea,  Spach. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  "spray"  (formed  from  the  flat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  very  delicate  and  of  a  dull  green. 

Cones,  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  round, 
variously  placed,  compact,  purplish  as  they  ripen  ; 
opening  when  ripe  toward  the  centre  line  (z.  e.,  not 
toward  its  base).  Scales,  fleshy,  shield-shaped  and 
apparently  fastened  near  their  centres,  with  the  edge 
several-pointed,  and  with  a  sharp  point  or  knob  in  the 
centre.  Seeds,  usually  four  to  eight  under  each  scale, 
oval,  with  wide  wines  at  the  sides. 

Found,  in  deep,  cold  swamps  (filling  them  densely  and 
exclusively),  from  Southern  Maine  along  the  coast 
to  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  Mississippi. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high 
with  light  and  durable  wood,  largely  used  in  boat-building, 
for  wooden-ware,  shingles,  etc. 


* 


Fig.  93 


Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.      C.  thyo'ides  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  93.— Arbor  Vitae.      (T.  occidentalis,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


180  Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 

Genus  THUYA,  L.      (Arbor  Vitae.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  to  sacrifice,  because  of  the  use  of  the  fragrant  wood  in 

sacrifice. 

Fig.  93. — Arbor  Vitae,  White  Cedar.     T.  occidentalis,  L. 

Leaves,  simplf  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  scale-like, 
somewhat  egg-shape,  overlapping  each  other,  and 
closely  pressed  in  four  rows  up  and  down  the  very 
flat  branchlets.  Each  leaf  has  at  its  centre  a  raised 
gland,  easily  distinguished  if  held  between  the  eye 
and  the  light. 

Bark,  fibrous.  The  "  spray  "  (formed  from  the  flat  branch- 
lets)  is  itself  flat  and  of  rather  a  bright  green. 

Cones,  about  five  twelfths  of  an  inch  in  length,  long  oval 
or  reverse  egg-shape,  nodding,  yellowish-brown  as  they 
ripen,  dry  and  opening  to  the  base  when  ripe.  Scales, 
pointless,  oval  or  egg-shape,  smooth  (i.  e.,  not  pointed 
on  the  edge  or  near  the  centre.)  Seeds,  one  to  two 
under  each  scale,  long  and  narrow  (like  a  small 
caraway  seed)  ;  broadly  winged  all  around,  with  the 
wing  notched  at  one  end. 

Found,  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  the  high 
peaks  of  North  Carolina  to  Northern  Pennsylvania 
and  Central  New  York,  northward  into  Southern 
Canada  and  westward  ;  along  rocky  banks  of  streams 
and  in  swamps  ;  very  common  at  the  North,  where  it 
often  occupies  large  areas  of  swamp  land.  It  is  very 
widely  cultivated,  especially  in  hedges. 

A  tapering  evergreen  tree,  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
with  close,  dense  branches,  and  a  light  and  durable  wood. 


Leaves  Indeterminate.  181 

Genus  JUNIPERUS,  L.      (Red  Cedar.) 

From  a  Celtic  word  meaning  rough. 

Fig.  94. — Red  Cedar,  Savin,      y.  Virginiana,  L. 

Leaves,  simple  ;  indeterminate  in  position  because  of 
their  smallness  and  closeness.  They  are  arranged  in 
four  rows  up  and  down  the  branchlets. 

In  young  or  rapidly  growing  sprouts  the  leaves  are  awl- 
shaped  or  needle-shaped,  somewhat  spreading  from 
the  branch,  very  sharp  and  stiff,  placed  in  pairs  (or 
sometimes  in  threes),  usually  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  with  the  fine  branchlets,  which  they 
cover,  rounded. 

In  the  older  and  slower-growing  trees  the  leaves  are  scale- 
like and  overlapping,  egg-shape,  closely  pressed  to 
the  branchlets  which  they  cover,  and  with  the  branch- 
lets  square.  As  the  branchlets  grow,  the  lower  scales 
sometimes  lengthen  and  become  dry  and  chaffy  and 
slightly  spreading. 

Bark,  brown  and  sometimes  purplish-tinged,  often  shred- 
ding off  with  age  and  leaving  the  trunk  smooth  and 
polished. 

"  Berries"  about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  closely  placed 
along  the  branchlets,  bluish,  and  covered  with  a 
whitish  powder. 

Found,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  distributed  nearly 
throughout  the  United  States — more  widely  than 
any  other  of  the  cone-bearing  trees. 


182 


Trees  with  Simple  Leaves.         [c  i 


An  evergreen  tree,  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high  (much 
larger  at  the  South),  usually  pyramid-shaped,  with  a 
rounded  base,  but  varying  very  greatly,  especially  near 
the  coast,  where  it  is  often  twisted  and  flattened  into 
angular  and  weird  forms.  The  wood  is  very  valuable, 
light,  straight-grained,  durable,  fragrant.  It  is  largely 
used  for  posts,  for  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish,  and 
almost  exclusively  in  the  making  of  lead  pencils.  The 
heart-wood  is  usually  a  dull  red  (whence  the  name),  the 
sap-wood  white. 


Among  the  most  picturesque  objects  in  a  Turkish 
landscape,  standing  like  sentinels,  singly  or  in  groups, 
and  as  slender  and  upright  as  a  Lombardy  Poplar,  are 
the  black  cypress  trees  (C.  sempervirens).  They  mark 
the  sites  of  graves,  often  of  those  which  have  long  since 
disappeared.  In  America,  more  than  any  other  northern 
tree,  the  red  cedar  gives  the  same  sombre  effect,  whether 
growing  wild  or  planted  in  cemeteries. 

The  Common  Juniper  (J.  communis,  L.),  common  as 
a  shrub,  is  occasionally  found  in  tree  form,  low,  with 
spreading  or  drooping  branches,  and  with  leaves  re- 
sembling those  of  a  young  Red  Cedar,  awl-shaped  and 
spreading,  but  arranged  in  threes  instead  of  opposite. 


(0) 


Fig.  94. — Red  Cedar.     (J.  Virginiana,  L.) 
a.   Young,     b.   Old. 

NATURAL.    SIZE 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND   LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 


LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
O  I 


Genus  AILANTH US,*   Desf. 


From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  tree  <>f  heaven. 


Fig.  95. — Ailanthus.     [A.  glandulbsa,  Desf.'] 


Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered,  but  with  the  odd  leaflet 
often  dwarfed  or  broken  off ;  leaflets,  twenty-one  to 
forty-one)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  the  leaflets 
entire,  with  one  or  two  coarse,  blunt  teeth  at  each 
side  of  their  base. 

Outline,  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shape  or  lance-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.      Base,  squared,  or  heart-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth,  round,  swollen  at  base.  Leaflet-stems, 
smooth  and  short 

Leaf,  one  and  a  half  to  six  feet  long.  Leaflets  vari- 
able, usually  about  six  inches  by  two  and  a  quarter, 
rather  smooth  and  thin. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  smooth  and  brown  ;  the  new  shoots 
marked  with  whitish  dots. 

Blowers,  in  long  bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ; 
greenish,  and  of  very  disagreeable  odor.  June, 
July. 

Seeds,  flat,  at  the  centre  of  greenish  and  sometimes  pink- 
tinged  wines,  in  largfe,  loose  clusters.      October. 

Bound,  common  in  cultivation,  and  to  some  extent 
naturalized. 

*  This  spelling  of  the  name  should  rule  because  so  given  by  its  author,  although^ 
etymologically,  Ailantus  would  be  correct,  the  native  Amboyna  name  being  "  Ay- 
lanto." 

1S6 


Fig.  95.— Ailanthus.     [A.  glanduldsa,  Desf.] 

NATURAL.   SIZE. 


1 88      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.       [Di 

A  large,  showy  tree  (sixty  to  seventy  feet  high)  of 
remarkably  vigorous  and  rapid  growth.  It  is  a  native  of 
China.  A  Jesuit  missionary  sent  its  seeds  in  1 75 1  to 
England.  In  1784  it  was  brought  from  Europe  to  the 
United  States,  and  started  near  Philadelphia.  Also 
about  1804  it  was  brought  to  Rhode  Island  from  South 
America.  But  the  source  of  most  of  the  trees  now  found 
abundantly  in  the  region  of  New  York  is  Flushing,  Long 
Island,  where  it  was  introduced  in  1820.  It  has  been  a 
great  favorite,  and  would  deserve  to  be  so  still  were  it 
not  for  the  peculiar  and  disagreeable  odor  of  its  flowers. 

Genus   ROBINIA,  L.      (Locust.) 
Fig.  96. — Locust,  Yellow  Locust.     R.pseudacacia,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  eleven  to 
twenty-five)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire. 

Outline,  oval  or  egg-shape.  Apex,  rounded.  Base, 
rounded. 

Stem  of  leaf,  smooth,  and  covering  the  leaf-bud  of  the 
next  year. 

Leaflets,  very  smooth,  thin,  often  slightly  tipped  with  the 
end  of  the  mid-rib. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark,  rough,  and  very  deeply  ridged.  The 
smaller  branches  and  young  trunks  are  armed  with 
strong,  triangular  prickles,  but  these  disappear  when 
the  parts  are  three  to  four  inches  thick. 

Flowers,  showy  and  abundant  ;  in  long,  loose  clusters 
drooping  from  the  sides  of  the  branchlets  ;  white  ; 
and  very  fragrant.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  a  smooth  and  rather  blunt  pod,  two  to  three  inches 
long,  one  and  a  half  inches  wide,  four-  to  six-seeded. 
Seeds,  dark  brown.      September. 


Fig.  96.— Locust.     (R.  pseudacacia,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


i9°      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      [d  i 

Found.  Native  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Penn- 
sylvania (Monroe  County — Porter)  to  Georgia;  but 
now  very  generally  naturalized  throughout  the  United 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

A  tree  usually  forty  to  fifty  feet  high,  sometimes  ninety 
feet,  and  of  rapid  growth.  Its  wood  is  exceedingly  hard 
and  strong,  and  remarkably  durable  when  in  contact  with 
the  ground.  It  is  used  largely  for  posts,  in  ship-building, 
and  in  turnery,  and  it  is  preferred  to  all  other  native  wood 
for  treenails.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  of  this 
or  of  any  country.  But  its  cultivation  as  a  timber  tree, 
which  at  one  time  was  very  general,  has  nearly  ceased  in 
the  United  States  on  account  of  the  constant  damage 
done  by  the  grub  of  the  Painted  Clytus  (Clytus  pictus). 
This  troublesome  borer  not  only  injures  the  new  growth, 
but  also  pierces  and  detaches  large  branches,  leaving  the 
tree  ragged  and  stunted.  * 

Clammy  Locust.     R.  viscbsa,  Vent. 

This  species  is  native  to  the  high  ranges  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains,  but  is  now  very  widely  cultivated 
and  sometimes  naturalized  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

It  differs  from  the  common  locust  especially  in  its 
smaller  size,  in  having  its  leaf-stem  and  brauchlcts  "sticky" 
and  slightly  rough,  and  its  flowers  rose-tinted  and  scarcely 
fragrant,  and  in  close  and  erect  bunches. 

Genus  GYMNOCLADUS,  Lam.      (Coffee  Tree.) 

Fig.  97. — Kentucky  Coffee  Tree,  Stump  Tree.    G.  disicus  (L.), 
Koch.      G.  Canadensis,  Lam. 

Leaves,  unequally  twice-compound  (odd- feathered  ;  leaf- 
lets very  numerous — seven  to  thirteen  on  the  different 
branches  of  the  main  leaf-stem)  ;  alternate  ;  edge 

OF  LEAFLETS  ENTIRE. 


Fig.  97. — Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.      G.  disicus  (L.),  Koch. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


192       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      [Di 

Outline  of  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.    Apex,  sharply  taper- 
pointed.     Base,  slightly  heart-shaped  or  rounded. 
Leaf-stem,  in  the  autumn  takes  a  violet  tinge. 
Leaf,  one  and  one  half  to  three  feet  long,  about  one  half 
as  wide.      Leaflets,  one  to  two  and  one  half  inches 
long-,  of  a  dull  green. 
Bark  of  trunk,  rough  and  scaly,  separating  in  small  and 
hard  crosswise  and  backward-curled  strips.       Branch- 
lets  stout  and  not  thorny. 
Flowers,  in  white  spikes  along  the  branches.       May— July. 
Fruit,  in  large  curved  pods  (six  to  ten  inches  long,  by 
two  inches  broad),  pulpy  within,  of  a  reddish-brown 
color,  flattened  and  hard.      Each  pod  contains  several 
hard,    gray   seeds  one   half   of   an    inch    or   more   in 
diameter.      September,  October. 
Found,  in  Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  Wes- 
tern New-York,  westward  and  southward  to  Middle 
Tennessee.      Not  common. 
A  tree  sixty  to  eighty  feet  high,  or  more,  with  a  rather 
small  and  regular  head.      The  fewness  and  the  abruptness 
of  its  laro;e  branches  give  to  it  in  the  winter  a  dead  and 
stumpy  look,   whence   one   of    its   common    names.       Its 
bruised  and  sweetened  leaves  are  used  at  the  South  for 
poisoning  flies.      Its  seeds  were  formerly  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  coffee. 

Genus  GLEDITSCHIA,  L.      (Honey  Locust.) 

Fig.  98.  —  Honey  Locust,  Three-thorned  Acacia,  Honey 
Shucks.     G.  triacanthos,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  ;  (even-feathered  ;  leaflets,  ten  to 
twenty-two  or  more,  usually  about  fourteen),  some- 
times twice-compound  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaf- 
lets entire  as  seen  above,  but  as  seen  below  often 
remotely  and  slightly  toothed. 


Fig.  98. — Honey  Locust.     (G.  triacanthos,  L. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


1 94      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.       [d  i 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Base 
and  narrowed  Apex,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem  and  very  short  Leaflet-stem,  downy. 

Leaflets,  three  fourths  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  ; 
about  one  third  as  wide.  Often  several  of  them 
(one  to  three)  are  partly  or  wholly  divided  into 
smaller  leaflets.      Surfaces  smooth  and  shining. 

Bark  of  trunk,  gray,  and  much  less  rough  than  that  of 
the  common  Locust  (which  has  a  somewhat  similar 
leaf)  ;  branchlets  brown  and  often  warty.  The 
branches  and  the  trunk,  excepting  in  very  young 
and  in  quite  old  trees,  are  usually  thickly  covered 
with  spines,  two  to  four  inches  long,  which  are 
curved  at  the  base,  often  two-  or  three-branched,  and 
of  a  reddish-brown  color. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish. 

Fruit,  a  long,  flat  pod  (nine  to  eighteen  inches  long), 
reddish  ;  somewhat  twisted,  and  filled  between  the 
seeds  with  a  pulp  which  at  first  is  sweet  (whence  the 
name  "  Honey "  Locust)  but  which  soon  becomes 
sour.     The  seeds  are  flat,  hard,  and  brown. 

Found,  native  in   Pennsylvania,  westward  and  southward, 
but  also  somewhat  naturalized  and  widely  introduced 
northward. 
A  tree  sometimes  seventy  feet  high,  with  wide-spread- 
ing and  graceful  branches,  and  light  and  delicate  foliage. 

It  is  often  used  as  a  hedge  plant. 


A  variety  entirely  bare  of  thorns  (var.  inermis )  is 
sometimes  found  ;  also  a  variety  (var.  brachycarpos) 
with  shorter  fruit  and  thorns. 

NOTE. — See  Poison  Sumach  (R.  venenata  D.  C),  with  its  species,  under  D,  //., 
page  19S. 


TREES  WITH   COMPOUND   LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
D    II 


Genus  RHUS,  L.      (Sumach.) 

Fig.  99. — Stag-horn  Sumach.     J?,  typhina,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  eleven  to 
thirty-one)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  evenly 

AND    LHARPLY    TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex,  long,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking.      Leaf-stem,  densely  velvety-hairy. 

Leaflet,  usually  two  to  four  inches  long  and  about  one 
fourth  as  wide  ;  the  under  surface  whitish  and  more 
or  less  downy. 

Leaf,  one  to  two  feet  or  more  in  length. 

Branchlets  and  stalks,  especially  towards  their  ends,  cov- 
ered with  a  very  dense  velvet-like  down,  often  crimson- 
tinged.      The  juice  is  milky  and  acid. 

Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  in  upright,  pyramid-shaped 
bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.      June. 

Berries,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  bright  crimson, 
velvety,  crowded.  Stone,  smooth.  Juice,  acid.  Sep- 
tember, October. 

Found,  from  New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  through  the  Northern  States,  and  south- 
ward along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Central 
Alabama. 

196 


Fig-  99» — Stag-horn  Sumach.     (R.  typhina,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


iq8      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      [D  n 

A  small  tree,  ten  to  thirty  feet  high  (or  often  a  shrub), 
with  straggling  and  evenly  spreading  branches  that  are 
leaved  mostly  toward  their  ends,  giving  an  umbrella-like 
look  to  the  tree.  The  wood  is  very  soft  and  brittle ; 
yellow  within  ;  the  sap-wood  white.  The  young  shoots, 
with  the  pith  removed,  are  used  in  the  spring  as  "  sap 
quills  "  in  drawing  the  sap  from  the  sugar  maples.  The 
downy  and  irregular  branchlets  are  suggestive  of  the 
horns  of  a  stag,  whence  the  name. 

An  infusion  of  the  berries  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
gargle  for  sore-throat. 

This  species  is  not  poisonous. 


A  variety  with  deeply  gashed  leaves  (var.  laciniata) 
is  reported  from  Hanover,  N.  H. 

Fig.  ioo. — Poison  Sumach,  Poison  Dogwood,  Poison  Elder. 

R.  venenata,  D.  C. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  thir- 
teen) ;    ALTERNATE  \    EDGE    OF    LEAFLETS    ENTIRE. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.  Base,  rounded 
or  pointed.      Apex,  taper-pointed. 

Leaflet-stems,  short  and  purplish,  or  lacking.  Leaf-stem, 
smooth,  reddish  throughout  to  the  end  of  leaflet,  not 
winged. 

Leaflets,  thin  ;  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long ;  about, 
one  half  as  wide  ;  smooth. 

Branches  and  stalks,  smooth. 

Flowers,  greenish  ;  in  long,  loose  bunches  at  the  bases  of 
the  upper  leaves. 

Berries,  rounded,  greenish-white,  smooth,  shining,  dry, 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pea.      September. 


Fig.  ioo—  Poison  Sumach.     (R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


200       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,     [d  ii 

Found,  from  Northern  New  England  westward  and  south- 
ward, oftenest  in  swamps. 

A  small  tree  (or  more  often  a  tall  shrub),  six  to 
eighteen  feet  high.  It  is  violently  poisonous  to  the 
touch,  causing  in  most  persons  a  painful  eruption  ;  some 
are  poisoned  by  it  without  touching  it ;  probably  by  rea- 
son of  the  drifting  pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended 
application  is  sugar  of  lead,  applied  after  the  use  of  saline 
cathartics  ;  or  a  thick  paste  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  rubbed 
into  the  skin  as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also 
claimed  that  relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure 
follow  the  use  of  belladonna,  of  apis  mellinca,  or  of 
arsenicum  album — taken  in  homoeopathic  doses. 


Apart  from  other  differences  the  Poison  Sumach  can 
be  easily  and  quickly  distinguished  from  all  the  other 
sumachs  by  these  signs  :  It  differs  from  the  Stag-horn 
Sumach  and  the  Smooth  Sumach  (a  shrub)  in  having  the 
edge  of  its  leaflets  entire  ;  from  the  Dwarf  Sumach  (a 
shrub)  in  the  absence  of  the  winged  stem  between  its 
leaflets,  and  by  its  red  leaf-stem. 

Genus  PYRUS,  L.      (Mountain  Ash.) 

(Note. — See  others  of  the  same  genus,  Sec.  A,  //.,  p.  32.) 
Fig.  101.— Mountain  Ash.      P.  Americana,  D.  C. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  nine  to  fifteen); 
alternate  (often  alternate  in  threes)  ;  edge  of  leaf- 
lets FINELY  AND  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Ozttline  of  leaflet,  long  and  narrow  egg-shape.  Apex> 
taper-pointed.      Base,  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking,  or  very  short. 


Fig.  ioi.— Mountain  Ash.      (P.  Americana,  D.  C.) 
REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


202       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      [D n 

Leaf,  eight  to  twelve  inches  long.  Leaflet,  two  to  three 
and  one  half  inches  long  ;  surfaces  smooth. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  reddish-brown  and  rather  smooth. 

Flowers,  small  and  white,  in  large,  flat  clusters,  over  the 
surface  of  the  tree — fifty  to  one  hundred  or  more 
flowers  in  a  cluster.      May,  June. 

Fruit,  very  ornamental,  about  the  size  of  peas,  scarlet,  in 
large,  flat  clusters,  ripening  in  autumn  and  remaining 
into  the  winter. 

Found,  from  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  through  the 
Northern  States  and  southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.  Its  finest  growth  is  on  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Superior. 

A  slender,  somewhat  pyramid-shaped,  tree,  ten  to 
thirty  feet  high,  much  and  justly  prized  as  one  of  the 
best  of  the  native  trees  for  ornamental  planting.  Its 
bark  and  the  unripe  fruit  are  very  astringent,  and  are 
sometimes  used  medicinally. 


A  slightly  different  species  (P.  sambucifolia)  is  some- 
times found  in  cold  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  streams, 
along  the  Northern  frontier. 


The  cultivated  European  Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan 
Tree  [P.  ancuparia],  which  is  very  common  in  many  parts 
of  Europe,  and  especially  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland, 
differs  but  slightly  from  the  American  Mountain  Ash.  It 
varies  chiefly  in  the  following  items :  Leaflets  blunter, 
and  rather  coarsely  double-toothed.  Bark  rather  rough. 
Fruit  larger,  oftenest  red,  but  sometimes  orange. 


Leaves  Alternate.  203 

The  Mountain  Ash  or  "  Rowan  Tree"  has  for  a  long 
time  been  renowned  as  a  safeguard  against  witches  and 
all  evil  spirits.      A  mere  twig  of  it  suffices. 

"  Rowan-tree  and  red  thread 
Put  the  witches  to  their  speed." 

"  The  spells  were  vain,  the  hag  returned 
To  the  queen  in  sorrowful  mood, 
Crying  that  witches  have  no  power 
Where  there  is  row'n-tree  wood." 

Genus  JUGLANS,  L.      (Walnut.) 

From  two  Latin  words  meaning  nut  of  Jupiter. 
Fig.  102. — Black  Walnut,     y.  nigra,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  thirteen  to 
twenty-one)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  and  one-sided. 

Leaf-stem,  slightly  downy.      Leaflet-stem,  very  short. 

Leaf,  twelve  inches  long,  or  more.  Leaflets,  about  two  to 
four  inches  long  ;  the  lower  pairs  shortest  ;  slightly 
downy  beneath. 

Bark,  blackish  and  thick. 

Fruit,  about  two  inches  in  diameter  ;  rounded  ;  the  husk 
greenish-yellow  when  ripe,  roughly  dotted,  spongy, 
decaying  without  splitting  into  sections  ;  the  nut 
dark,  and  deeply  and  roughly  furrowed.     October. 

Found,  from  Western  Massachusetts  westward  and  south- 
ward. Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains.      Eastward  it   is  now  everywhere  scarce. 


204      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,     [d  ii 

A  tree  thirty  to  sixty  feet  high,  or  often  much  higher. 
Its  rich,  dark-brown  heart-wood  is  of  great  value,  and  has 
been  more  widely  used  in  cabinet-work,  for  interior  finish, 
and  for  gun-stocks  than  the  wood  of  any  other  North 
American  tree. 


Fig.  103.— Butternut,  White  Walnut,     y  cinerea,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  fifteen  to  seven- 
teen) ;  ALTERNATE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  egg-shaped  or  long  oval.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.      Base,  rounded. 

Leaf  stem,  downy  and  "sticky." 

Leaf,  twelve  to  twenty  inches  long.  Leaflet,  three  inches 
or  more  in  length  ;  downy,  especially  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  light  gray  and  smoothish.  Twigs, 
as  well  as  leaf-stems  and  fruit,  very  sticky. 

Fruit,  long  (two  to  three  inches),  pointed.  Husk,  very 
sticky  ;  green  at  first ;  brown  when  ripe,  becoming 
very  dark ;  not  splitting  in  sections.  Ntit,  deeply 
and  roughly  furrowed  and  sharp-ridged,  with  a  sweet, 
oily  kernel.      September. 

Found,  in  Southern  Canada,  and  common  in  New  Eng- 
land and  the  Middle  and  Western  States. 

A  tree  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  with  a  short,  stout 
trunk  and  very  wide-reaching,  horizontal  branches.  The 
heart-wood  is  reddish  or  light  brown,  not  as  dark  nor  as 
hard  as  in  the  Black  Walnut.  It  is  used  for  ornamental 
cabinet-work  and  interior  finish. 


Fig.  103 


Fig.  102.— Black  Walnut.     (J.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  103.— Butternut.     (J.  cinerea,  L.) 

LEAFLETS    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE   THIRD. 


206      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.      LD  ir 

Genus  HICORIA,  Raf.      CARYA,  Nutt.      (Hickory.) 

From  a  ( ireek  word  meaning  round,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut. 

Fig.     104.  —  Shag-bark,     Shag-bark     Hickory,     Shell-bark 
Hickory.     H.  ovata  {Mill),    Britton.     C.  alba,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  alter- 
nate ;    EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARP-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval,  reverse  egg-shape  or  egg- 
shape,  the  lower  pair  differing  in  shape  from  the 
others,  and  much  smaller.  Apex,  long-pointed. 
Base  of  the  end  leaflet,  wedge-shape ;  of  the  others, 
more  or  less  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,  rough  throughout.  Buds,  large  and  scaly, 
often  of  a  green  and  brown  color. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 
the  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  four  to  eight  inches  long  ;  roughish  below. 

Bai'k,  dark  and  very  rough  in  the  older  trunks,  peeling 
up  and  down  in  long,  shaggy  strips.  Often  the 
strips  cling  at  their  middle  and  are  loose  at  each 
end. 

Fruit,  round,  nearly  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches 
in  diameter  ;  the  husk,  thick  (nearly  half  an 
inch),  depressed  at  the  centre,  grooved  at  the 
seams,  and  wholly  separating  into  four  pieces  at 
maturity  ;  the  mit,  about  one  inch  long,  often  the 
same  in  breadth,  slightly  flattened  at  the  sides, 
angular,  nearly  pointless,  whitish,  with  a  rather  thin 
shell,  and  a  large  finely  flavored  kernel.      October. 

Found,  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to 
Southeastern  Minnesota,  and  southward  to  Western 
Florida.  Its  finest  growth  is  west  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 


Fig.  104.— Shag-bark.     H.    ovata  (Mili),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


2o8       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,     [d  ii 

A  tree,  fifty  to  eighty  feet  high,  of  great  value.  Its 
tough  and  elastic  wood  is  used  in  making  agricultural 
implements,  carriages,  axe-handles,  etc.  It  ranks  also 
among  the  best  of  woods  for  fuel.  Most  of  the  "  hickory 
nuts  "  of  the  markets  are  from  this  species. 

All  the  Hickories  are  picturesque  trees.  Their 
tendency,  even  when  standing  alone,  is  to  grow  high, 
and  with  heads  that,  instead  of  being  round,  are  cylinder- 
shaped  to  the  very  top,  with  only  enough  breaks  and 
irregularities  to  add  to  the  effect.  This  tendency  is  more 
marked  in  the  Hickories  than  in  any  other  of  the  leaf- 
shedding  trees  of  North  America.  They  are  worthy  of 
the  name  sometimes  given  them  of  "the  artist's  tree." 

Big  Shell-bark,  King  Nut.    H.  sulcata  (  Willd),  Britton.    C.  sulcata, 

Nutt. 

This  species  differs  from  the  Shag-bark  chiefly  in 
these  items  : 

Leaflets,  seven  to  nine,  usually  nine. 
Leaf,  ten  to  twenty  inches  long. 
Nut,   oval,   strongly  pointed,  with  a  dark  yellowish  shell, 

nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  Shag-bark  nut,  and  with 

a  less  pleasantly  flavored  kernel. 
Bark,  in  narrower  strips  and  of  a  lighter  color. 
Found,    in    Bucks    County,    Pennsylvania    (Porter),    and 

westward.      Local  and  rare. 

Fig.  105. — Mocker-nut,  White-heart  Hickory,  Black  Hickory, 
Big-bud  Hickory.     H.  alba  ( L.),  Britton.     C.  tomentbsa,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered,  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

ALTERNATE  |     EDGE    SLIGHTLY    AND     RATHER    ROUNDLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  mostly  long  oval,  the  lower  pairs  be- 
coming smaller  and  more  egg-shaped.  Apex  and 
Base,  about  the  same  as  in  the  Shag-bark. 


Fig.  105.— Mocker-nut.     H.    alba  (L.),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND.  FRUiT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


210      Trees  with   Compottnd  Leaves,     [d  n 

Leaf -stem,  rough  throughout.  Buds,  large  and  round  and 
covered  with  downy,  yellowish-brown  scales,  or,  in 
winter,  with  hard  and  grayish-white  scales. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  except  the 
short,  roughish  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  two  to  seven  inches  long,  rough  beneath,  especially 
on  the  ribs  ;  fragrant  when  crushed. 

Bark,  rough,  becoming  cracked  across,  but  not  scaly. 

Fruit,  rounded,  slightly  egg-shaped  or  oval,  one  and  one 
half  to  two  inches  or  more  in  length.  The  Jmsk  is 
about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick  and  splits  nearly 
to  the  base  when  ripe.  Nut,  slightly  six-angled,  light 
brown,  with  a  very  thick  and  hard  shell.  The  kernel 
is  sweet,  but  small.      October. 

Found,  common,  in  dry  woods,  especially  southward  and 
westward.  It  grows  in  Southern  Canada  and  in  all 
the  Atlantic  States.  In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its 
timber  the  tree  resembles  the  Shag-bark. 

Fig.  106. — Small-fruited  Hickory.  H.  microchrpa  (Nutt),  Britton 
C.  microcarpa,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  seven, 
oftenest  five)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  mostly  long  oval.  Apex  and  Base 
pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking  (or  scarcely  noticeable),  excepting 
the  short  stem  of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  mostly  four  to  eight  inches  long,  remarkably 
smooth,  excepting  that  the  under  surface  is  tufted  in 
the  angles  of  the  ribs  and  usually  .dotted  with  dark 
glandular  spots. 

Bark,  rough  and  close. 

Fruit,  broad  egg-shape.  Husk,  thin,  splitting  part  way  to 
the  base.      Nut,  small,  (three  fourths  of  an   inch  in 


Fig.  1 06.— Small-fruited  Hickory.     H.  microcarpa  (Nutt),  Britton. 
LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


212       Trees  with   Compoitnd  Leaves,      [on 

diameter),  not  angled,  not  sharp-pointed,  and  with  a 

thin  shell. 
Found,  on  moist  ground,  New  York  to  Delaware,  west  to 

Michigan  and  Illinois,  rarely,  if  ever,  in  New  England. 
In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles  the  other   hickories.      By  its  leaves  the  species 
appears  to  be  allied  with  the  Pig-nut ;  by  its  nuts,  with 
the  Mocker-nut. 

Fig.  107,  a  and  b. — Pig-nut,  Broom  Hickory.     H.  glabra  (Mill), 
Britton.      C.  glabra,  Torr.      C.  porcina,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine, 
usually  seven)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflets  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  usually  long  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base  of  end  leaflet,  wedge-shaped,  of  the  others  more 
or  less  rounded  or  slightly  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaf-buds,  egg-shape  and  pointed  or 
rounded,  and  with  their  outer  scales  a  polished-brown. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking,  except  the  smooth,  very  short  stem 
of  the  end  leaflet. 

Leaflets,  mostly  two  to  five  inches  long  (the  lower  ones 
much  the  smallest),  smooth  above  and  below. 

Bark,  not  shaggy. 

Fruit,  of  two  forms  :  a,  pear-shape,  b,  rounded.  Husks, 
very  thin,  splitting  about  half-way  to  the  base.  Nut, 
about  one  inch  in  diameter  ;  in  b  somewhat  flattened 
at  the  sides  and  slightly  hollowed  above,  and  with 
the  apex  a  sharp  point.  Shell,  rather  thin,  smooth, 
hard,  and  bluish-gray.  Meat,  small  and  sweetish  or 
slightly  bitter. 

Found,  from  Southern  Maine  westward  and  southward. 
In  size  and  in  the  quality  of  its  timber  the  tree  re- 
sembles the  other  hickories. 


Fig.  107,  "  a»a  /'--Pig-nut.     II.  glabra  (Mill),    Dritton. 

LEAP'    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


214       Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,      [D  n 

Fig".  108. — Bitter-nut,    Swamp   Hickory.     H.  minima  (Marsh), 
Britton.      C.  amara,  Nutt. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to 
eleven)  ;  alternate  ;  edge  of  leaflet  sharp- 
toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.      Base,  pointed  or  blunted. 

Leaf-stem,  rather  slender,  somewhat  downy,  and  often 
flattened  and  winged.  Leaf-buds,  small,  slightly 
rounded  or  (at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets)  pointed, 
and  yellow. 

Leaflet-stems,  lacking,  except  the  short  stem  of  the  end 
leaflet. 

Leaflets,  four  to  six  inches  long,  the  upper  one  usually 
short ;  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  with  a  slight,  scat- 
tered down  below. 

Bark,  rather  smooth. 

Fruit,  rounded  or  slightly  egg-shaped,  dark  green.  Husk, 
very  thin  and  fleshy,  never  becoming  entirely  hard, 
with  prominent  winged  edges  at  the  seams,  only  two 
of  which  reach  more  than  half-way  to  the  base.  It 
divides  half-way  down  when  ripe.  Nut,  barely  one 
inch  long,  heart-shaped  at  the  top,  broader  than  long, 
white  and  smooth.  Shell,  so  thin  that  it  can  be 
broken  with  the  fingers.      Kernel,  intensely  bitter. 

Found,  usually  in  wet  grounds,  though  often  also  on  rich 
uplands,  from  Southern  Maine  westward  and  south- 
ward.     It  reaches  its  finest  growth  in  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio. 
A  rather  smaller  and  less  valuable  tree  than  the  rest 

of  the  hickories. 

Note. — See  Honey  Locust  (O.  triacanthos,  L.),  under  I  >,  /.,  page  192. 


is 


\   T 


M 


Fig.  108.— Bitter-nut.     H.  minima  (Marsh),    Britton. 

LEAF   AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE  THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 


(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

CONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE  OR  TOOTHED) 
E   I,  II 


Genus   NEGUNDO,   Moench. 

Fig.  109. — Ash-leaved  Maple,  Box  Elder.     JV.  acerdides,  M. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  three,  some- 
times five,  rarely  seven)  ;  opposite  ;  edge  of  leaflet 

REMOTELY  AND  UNEQUALLY  COARSE-TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflets,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  variable  and  often  uneven. 

Leaflets,  slightly  rough  ;  the  ribs  very  marked. 

Bark  of  young  trunks,  smoothish  and  yellowish-green  ; 
twigs,  light  green. 

Flowers,  small  and  greenish,  in  delicate,  drooping  clusters 
from  the  sides  of  the  branches. 

Fruit,  large,  yellowish-green,  smooth,  in  long,  loose,  late- 
hanging  clusters. 

Found,  North,  South,  and  West.  One  of  the  most  widely 
distributed  of  the  North  American  trees,  with  its 
finest  growth  in  the  region  of  the  Wabash  and 
Cumberland  rivers. 

A   tree   twenty   to    thirty    feet    high,   with    spreading 
branches.      Its  wood  is  light  and  of  slight  value. 

218 


Fig.  109. — Ash-leaved  Maple.     (N.  aceroides,  M.) 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


220      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  ii 

(Genus  FRAXINUS,  L.     (Ash.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  separation,"  because  of  the  ease  with  which  the  wood 
of  the  Ash  can  be  split. 

Fig.  110. — White  Ash.     F.  Americana,  L. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;     EDGE    OF    LEAFLETS    SLIGHTLY  TOOTHED    OR 

entire  ;  entire  at  the  base. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  long  egg-shape.  Apex, 
taper-pointed.      Base,  somewhat  pointed. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long,  or  more ;  smooth.  Leaf-bud,  rusty- 
colored  and  smooth. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long ;  pale  beneath  ;  downy 
when  young,  but  becoming  nearly  smooth,  except 
on  the  ribs. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  light  gray.  In  very  young  trees  it 
is  nearly  smooth,  but  it  soon  becomes  deeply 
furrowed — the  furrows  crossing  each  other,  and 
so  breaking  the  bark  into  irregular,  somewhat 
square  or  lozenge-shaped  plates.  Then  in  very 
old  trees  it  becomes  smooth  again,  from  the  scaling 
off  of  the  plates.  The  branches  are  smooth  and 
grayish-green.  The  young  shoots  have  a  polished, 
deep-green  bark,  marked  with  white  lines  or  dots. 

Winged  seeds,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  with  the 
"  wing  "  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch  wide,  hanging  in 
loose  clusters  from  slender  stems.  The  base  of  the 
seed  is  pointed  and  not  winged. 

Found,  in  rich  woods,  from  Southern  Canada  to  Northern 
Florida  and  westward.  It  is  most  common  in  the 
Northern  States.  The  finest  specimens  are  seen  in 
the  bottom  lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  basin. 


Fig.  no. — "White  Ash.     (F.  Americana,  L.) 
LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


222      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.   [E  i,  ir 

A  tree  forty  to  eighty  feet  high.  Often  the  trunk 
rises  forty  feet  without  branching.  Its  tough  and  elastic 
timber  is  of  very  great  value,  being  widely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  for  oars,  and  the 
shafts  of  carriages,  and  in  cabinet-work. 


I  find  in  the  notes  of  an  old  copy  of  White's  "  Natural 
History  of  Selborne  "  this  comment  :  "  The  Ash,  I  think, 
has  been  termed  by  Gilpin  the  Venus  of  British  trees." 

Gerardes'  "Herbal"  comments:  "  The  leaves  of  the 
Ash  are  of  so  great  a  vertue  against  serpents,  as  that 
the  serpents  dare  not  be  so  bolde  as  to  touch  the  morning 
and  evening  shadowes  of  the  tree,  but  shunneth  them 
afarre  off,  as  Pliny  reporteth  in  his  16  book,  13  chap. 
He  also  affirmeth  that  the  serpent  being  penned  in  with 
boughes  laide  rounde  about,  will  sooner  run  into  the  fire, 
if  any  be  there,  than  come  neere  to  the  boughes  of  the 
Ash." 

In  Scandinavian  mythology  the  great  and  sacred  tree, 
Yggdrasil,  the  greatest  and  most  sacred  of  all  trees,  which 
binds  together  heaven  and  earth  and  hell,  is  an  Ash.  Its 
roots  spread  over  the  whole  earth.  Its  branches  reach 
above  the  heavens.  Underneath  lies  a  serpent ;  above  is 
an  eagle  ;  a  squirrel  runs  up  and  down  the  trunk,  trying 
to  breed  strife  between  them. 

Fig.  in. — Red  Ash.     F.  pubescens,  Lam. 
Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  nine)  ; 

EDGE      OF      LEAFLETS      NEARLY     ENTIRE      OR      SLIGHTLY 
TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval  or  egg-shape.      Apex,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  somewhat  pointed. 


Fig.  in.— Red  Ash.     (F.  pubescens,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND     FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


224      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves.  [E  i,  n 

Leaf-stein,  velvety-downy.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth 
of  an  inch  long,  or  somewhat  less,  and  velvety-downy. 
Leaf-bud,  rounded,  nearly  concealed  by  the  leaf-stem, 
downy,  and  of  a  dark,  rusty  brown. 

Leaflet,  two  to  six  inches  long,  downy  beneath,  and  pale, 
becoming  reddish. 

Bark  of  the  trunk,  dark  ashy  or  granite-gray,  or  of  a 
deep  brown.  It  is  slightly  furrowed  up  and  down, 
the  furrows  seldom  joining  or  crossing.  The  branches 
are  grayish.  The  young  shoots  are  velvety,  with  a 
grayish  or  rusty  down. 

Winged  seeds,  resembling  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
usually  with  the  end  of  the  wing  more  rounded. 

Found,  along  borders  of  streams  and  in  low  and  swampy 
ground — New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  and  south- 
ward to  Northern  Florida  and  Alabama  ;  but  rare 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Its  finest  growth 
is  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States. 

A  medium-sized  tree,  usually  thirty  to  fifty  feet  high, 
of  less  value  than  the  White  Ash. 


Fig.  112. — Green  Ash.     F,  ihridis,  MzWix.,/. 
Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;  EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  USUALLY  SHARP-TOOTHED, 

but  with  the  base  entire. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  egg-shape  or  oval.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  pointed,  often  wedge-shaped. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth.  Leaflet-stem,  about  one  fourth  of  an 
inch  long  ;  smooth.  Leaf-bud,  grayish-brown  and 
smooth. 


Fig-.  112. — Green  Ash.     (F.  viridis,  Michx.,  f.) 

,EAF    AND    FRUIT     REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


226      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  ii 

Leaflet,  green,  and  of  nearly  the  same  shade  on  each 
side  ;  not  shining,  but  smooth  throughout,  excepting 
that  sometimes  it  is  slightly  downy  in  the  angles  of 
the  ribs. 

Bark  of  the  branches,  grayish-brown  and  smooth. 

Winged  seeds,  smaller  than  those  of  the  White  Ash,  but 
with  the  wing  about  the  same  length. 

Found,    in    New    England,    but     mostly    southward    and 
westward. 
A  tree  twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  of  inferior  value. 

Fig.  113. — Blue  Ash.     F.  quadrangidata,  Michx. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;    leaflets,  five  to  nine)  ; 

OPPOSITE  ;    EDGE  OF  LEAFLETS  SHARPLY  TOOTHED. 

Ozitline  of  leaflet,  oval  to  long  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper- 
pointed.      Base,  pointed. 

Leaflet-stem,  very  short.      Leaf-bud,  velvety. 

Leaflet,  three  to  four  inches  long,  both  sides  green ; 
downy  beneath. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  cracks  and  separates  in  thin  plates, 
like  that  of  the  White  Oak.  Branchlets  smooth  and 
square,  or  margined  when  young,  becoming  nearly 
round. 

Winged  seeds,  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  one 
fourth  to  one  half  of  an  inch  wide  ;  blunt,  and  of 
nearly  the  same  width  at  both  ends,  and  with  the 
apex  often  notched. 

Fo7ind,  usually  on  limestone  hills,  from   Southern  Michi- 
gan to  Central  Minnesota,  southward  to  Northeastern 
Kansas. 
A  tree   sixty   to    eighty   feet  high,  used  for  flooring, 

carriage  building,  etc.      Its  inner  bark  furnishes  a  blue  dye. 


Fig.  1 13. —Blue  Ash.     (F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.) 
LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


228      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  ii 

Fig.  114. — Black  Ash,  Water  Ash,  Hoop  Ash.     F.  sambucifblia. 

Lam. 

Leaves,  compound  (odd-feathered  ;  leaflets,  seven  to  eleven, 
usually  nine)  ;  opposite  ;  edge  of  leaflet  toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  narrow,  long  oval  or  long-  egg-shape. 
Apex,  taper-pointed.      Base,  rounded. 

Leaf-stem,  smooth,  somewhat  flattened  or  channelled,  and 
with  sharp  edges  above  the  leaflets. 

Leaflet-stem,  lacking. 

Leaf -bud,  deep  bhte  or  blackish. 

Leaflet,  three  to  five  inches  long,  smooth  and  green  on 
both  sides,  excepting  where  it  is  slightly  hairy  along 
the  lower  part  of  the  middle  rib.  When  crushed  it 
has  an  Elder-like  odor. 

Bark  of  trunk,  dark  granite-gray,  somewhat  furrowed  and 
broken  up  and  down  with  roughnesses,  which  con- 
tinue in  the  old  tree.  The  young  branches  are 
smooth  and  grayish  and  marked  with  black  and 
white  dots  and  warts. 

Winged  seeds  nearly  one  and  one  half  inches  long,  with 
the  wing  three  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  and  extending 
around  the  seed.      Ripe  in  July. 

Foicnd,  along  low  river-banks  and  in  swamps,  which  it 
sometimes  fills  ;  in  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, Northwestern  Arkansas,  through  the  Northern 
States  to  Canada.  It  is  the  most  Northern  of  the 
American  Ashes. 

Usually  a  small  or  medium-sized  tree.  The  wood  is 
largely  used  for  barrel-hoops,  baskets,  in  cabinet-work, 
and  interior  finish. 


Fig,  114.— Black  Ash.     (F.  sambucifdlia,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT     REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(HAND-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   OPPOSITE 

(EDGE  TOOTHED) 

F  1 


Genus  /ESCULUS,  L.    (Buckeye,  Horse  Chestnut.) 

Fig.  115. — Sweet  Buckeye,  Big  Buckeye.     ^E.  flava,  Ait. 

Leaves,  compound  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  usually  five, 
sometimes  seven)  ;  opposite  ;  edge  toothed. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  long  oval,  long  egg-shape,  or  long 
reverse  egg-shape.  Apex,  taper-pointed.  Base, 
pointed. 

Leaflet,  four  to  nine  inches  long,  one  to  three  inches  wide, 
usually  minutely  downy  beneath. 

Flowers,  pale  yellow.      April,  May. 

Fruit,  two  to  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter,  rounded. 
Husk,  not  prickly,  but  uneven.  Nut,  one  or  two  in 
a  husk,  large  and  brown. 

Found,  from  Alleghany  County,  Pennsylvania,  southward 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  Northern  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  and  westward. 

A  tree  thirty  to  seventy  feet  high.  Its  wood  is  light 
and  hard  to  split.  With  the  other  species  of  the  same 
genus  it  is  preferred,  above  any  other  American  wood,  for 
the  making  of  artificial  limbs. 

232 


T?jg.  115.— Sweet  Buckeye.     (JE.  flava,  Ait.) 

REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


234      Trees  with   Compound  Leaves,  [e  i,  ii 

Fig.  116.— Ohio    Buckeye,    Fetid  Buckeye.     ;E.  glabra,  Willd. 
sE.  Ohiohisis,  Michaux. 

Leaves,  compound  (hand-shaped  ;  leaflets,  five)  ;  opposite  ; 

EDGE   TOOTHED. 

Outline  of  leaflet,  oval  or  long  oval.     Apex,  taper-pointed. 

Base,  pointed. 
.Leaflets,  three  to  seven  inches  long  ;  one  and  a  half  to 

three  inches  wide. 
Bark,  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 
Flowers,  small,  yellowish-white.      June. 
Fruit,  about  three  fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.     Husk, 

prickly  when  young.      Niit,  smooth. 
Fotmd,    along    the    western     slopes    of    the    Alleghany 

Mountains — Pennsylvania  to  Northern  Alabama  and 

westward. 
A  small,  ill-scented  tree  (eighteen  to  thirty-five  feet 
high),  with  wood  in  quality  and  use  much  like  that  of  the 
Sweet  Buckeye. 

Horse  Chestnut.     \/£.  Hippocasta7ium,  Z.] 
A   very  common    introduced   and   cultivated    species, 
native  in  Northern  India. 
Leaflets,  five  to  seven  (usually  seven),  with  ribs  straight, 

and  brown-woolly  when  young. 
Flowers,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  large  ;  in  large,  up- 
right, pyramid-shaped  clusters  ;  cream-white,  spotted 
with  yellow  and  purple.      May,  June. 
Frtiit,  large.      Husk,  with  stiff  prickles.      Nut,  mahogany- 
colored,  with  a  large,  round,  whitish  scar ;  bitter,  and 
said  to  be  somewhat  poisonous. 
A  compact,  rounded  tree,  of  medium  size  ;  very  orna- 
mental when  in  flower.      Its  bark  has  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cinchona  bark  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent 
fevers. 


\ 


i\\\ 


Fig.  116.— Ohio  Duckeye.     (M.  glabra,  Willd.) 
REDUCED   ONE   THIRD. 


I  tarried  there  that  day  ;  I  worshipped  there, — 
For  in  that  forest  God  seemed  everywhere. 
And  when  the  shining  day  was  wholly  done 
And  twilight's  peaceful  hours  were  well  begun, 
I  homeward  bore  the  forest's  loving  words 
That  filled  my  heart  like  melodies  of  birds 
And  seemed  God's  benediction  from  above, — 
Those  woodland  gladsome  messages  of  love. 

—From  The  Trees. 


EXPLANATION    OF   TERMS 


EXPLANATION    OF   TERMS. 


Trees,  as  distinguished  from  shrubs,  are  those  species 
which,  as  the  rule,  spring  from  the  ground  with  a  single, 
branching  trunk. 

II. 

A  Leaf  is  : 

(i)  Simple,  when  it  is  of  one  piece.  (Fig.  a,  Willow 
Oak.) 


(2)  Compottnd,  when  there  are  two  or  more  entirely 
separate  pieces  (called  leaflets)  on  the  one  leaf-stem. 
(Figs,  b  and  c,  Dwarf  Sumach  and  Horse  Chestnut.) 
See  note  2. 


Compound  leaves  are  : 

(1)  Feather-shaped,  when  the  leaflets  are  placed 
along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem.      (Fig.  b.) 

(When  the  compound  leaf  ends  with  a  pair  of  leaflets 
it  is  even-feathered ;  when  it  ends  with  one  leaflet  it  is 
odd-feathered.) 

(2)  Hand-shaped,  when  all  the  leaflets  radiate  from 
the  end  of  the  leaf-stem,  like  fingers  from  the  palm  of 
the  hand.      (Fig.  e.) 

Ni  UK  1. — Compound  leaves  may  be  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compound. 
NOTE  2. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple 
leaf  by  the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 

238 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


239 


Fig.  b. 


Fig.  c. 


III. 


The  Edge  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(1)  Entire,  when  it  is  an  even  line,  without  indenta- 
tions. 

(2)  Toothed,  when  it  is  set  with  an  indefinite  number 
of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth.      (Fig.  d.) 


Fig.  J. 

(3)  Lobed,  when  the  indentations  are  deep  and  of  a 
definite  number.      (Figs,  e,  f,  and^,  Oaks  and  Poplar.) 

IV. 

The  Shape  of  the  Whole  Leaf. — The  leaf  is : 
(1)  Needle-  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is  very  narrow  (some- 
times no  more  than  a  line),  and  of  about  the  same  width 
throughout.      (Fig.  //,  Pine.) 


240 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


Fig.  e.  Fig.  /.  Fig.  g. 

(2)  Lance-shaped,  when  it  is  much  longer  than  wide, 
and  gradually  tapering  to  a  point.      (Fig.  2,  Willow.) 


Fig.  i. 


Fig.  h. 


(3)  Inversely  lance-shafted,  when  gradually  tapering 
down  instead  of  up. 

(4)  Egg-shafted,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an  egg,  with 
the  broadest  part  below  the  middle,  but  without  regard  to 
the  base  and  apex.      (Fig.  J,  Dogwood.) 

(5)  Inversely  egg-shafted,  when  it  is  the  shape  of  an 
egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the  middle. 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


241 


Fig./. 


(6)    Oval,   when  shaped    much  like  an  egg,   but  with 
the  broadest  part  at  the  middle.      (Fig.  k,  Beech.) 


Fig.  k. 

(7)  Rounded,  when  round  or  nearly  so. 

Note. — If  the  leaf  is  lobed  its  "  shape"  is  found  by  filling  out  the  space  between 
the  lobes. 

V. 

The  Apex  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(1)  Pointed.      (Fig.  /.) 

(2)  Taper-pointed,  when  the  leaf  gradually  tapers  to 
a  point.      (Fig.  m.) 

(3)  Bristle-pointed,  when  it  terminates  with  a  bristle. 
(Fig.  n.) 


Fig.  /.  Fig.  m.  Fig.  ;/. 

(4)  Scythe-shaped,  when   the   tapering  end  curves  like 
a  scythe.      (Fig.  0.) 

(5)  Blunt,  or  rounded,  when  the  end  is  evenly  curved. 

(Fig./.) 


242 


Explanation  of  Terms. 


(6)  Hollowed,  when  the  end  is  more  or  less  hollowed 
or  notched.      (Fig.  f.) 


Fig.  o. 


Fig./. 


Fig.  q. 


VI. 


The  Base  of  the  leaf  is  : 

(i)   Squared,  when  it  is  cut  nearly  or  quite  straight 
across.      (Fig.  '>'.) 

(2)  Rounded.      (Fig.  s.) 

(3)  Pointed.      (Fig.  /.) 

(4)  Wedge-shaped,    when    it    tapers    to     a    point     by 
straight  lines.      (Fig.  ?/.) 

(5)  Heart-shaped,  when  the  edge  is  turned  in  at  the 
base,  forming  a  notch  or  bend.      (Fig.  z>.) 


\ 

Fig.  r.  Fig.  j.  Fig.  £  Fig.  u.  Fig.  t<. 

VII. 
Arrangement  of   Leaves  on  the  Branch. — Leaves 
are  : 

(1)  Alternate,  when  they  follow  one  another  upon 
different  sides  of  the  branch.      (Elm,  Walnut.) 

(2)  Opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs,  and  upon  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  branch.      (Maple,  Ash.) 

(3)  Indeterminate,  when  they  are  closely  crowded, 
either  in  bunches  (Pine,  Larch),  or  singly  up  and  down 
the  branches.      (Spruce,  Arbor  Vitse.) 


rary 
State   College 


GLOSSARY. 


PACE 

PAGE 

Alternate-leaved      ....      242 

Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf) 

23S 

Bristle-pointed 

241 

Lobcd     ..... 

239 

Compound  leaf 

233 

Needle-shaped 

239 

Egg-shaped     . 

240 

Odd-feathered 

233 

Entire-edged  . 

239 

Opposite-leaved 

242 

Even-feathered 

238 

Oval 

241 

Feather-shaped 

238 

Rounded          .... 
Scythe-shaped 

24  T 
241 

Hand-shaped 

23S 

Simple  leaf      .... 

23S 

Heart-shaped 

242 

Squared  base  .... 

242 

Hollowed 

242 

Taper-pointed 

241 

Indeterminate-leaved 

242 

Toothed-edge 

239 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped 

240 

Tree  (distinguished  from  shrub) 

23S 

Lance-shaped 

240 

Twice  compound     . 

233 

Leaflet   . 

238 

Wedge-shaped 

242 

INDEX    OF    TREES. 


The  names  of  genera  are  given  in  small  capitals,  of  species  and  varieties  in 
"roman  type,"  and  synonyms  in  italics.  The  names  of  introduced  species  are 
enclosed  by  brackets. 


PAGE 

AsiMINA  triloba 

10 

M^J  ■ 

94 

Aspen     ...... 

34 

Abies  balsamea       .         .         .         . 

174 

Aspen,  Large-toothed 

86 

Canadensis    . 

172 

Acacia,  Thrce-thorned     . 

192 

Acer  dasycarpum  . 

152 

B 

Pennsylvanicum     . 

i43 

[platanoides] 

156 

Balm  of  Gilead 

Q2 

[pseudo-platanus]  . 

156 

Balsam  Fir     .... 

174 

rubrum 

154 

Poplar 

92 

saccharlnum,  L.      . 

152 

Poplar,  Heart-leaved  . 

92 

saccharinum,   Wang. 

150 

Basswood        .... 

22 

saccharum 

150 

White    . 

24 

var.  nigrum  . 

152 

Bay,  Sweet     .... 

6 

^scui.us  flava 

232 

Bean,  Indian 

140 

glabra 

234 

Beech     ..... 

70 

[Ilippocastanum]     . 

234 

Beech,  Blue     .... 

66 

Ohiohisis 

234 

Beech,  Water 

66 

[Ailanthus]      .... 

1S6 

Bee  Tree         .... 

22 

[Aii.Anthus  glandulosa] 

1S6 

Betula  lenta 

62 

Amei  anchier  Canadensis 

40 

lutea 

60 

var.  oblongifoli 

1       42 

nigra 

59 

Apple,  Crab     .... 

•       32 

papyrlfera 

56 

Arbor  Vitse     .... 

.     1S0 

[pendula]  . 

56 

Ash,  Black      .... 

.     228 

populifolia 

55 

Blue       .... 

.     226 

rubra 

;i 

[European  Mountain]     . 

202 

Bils/ed 

[30 

Green     .... 

.     224 

Birch,  Black  .... 

62 

Hoop      .... 

.     228 

Canoe   .... 

56 

Mountain 

.     200 

Cherry 

62 

Red        .... 

.     222 

Gray    .... 

55 

Water    .... 

.     22S 

Old  field 

55 

White     .... 

.     220 

Paper  .... 

56 

Ash-leaved  Maple  . 

.     21S 

Red      .... 

59 

245 


246 


Index  of  Trees. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Birch,  River  .... 

59 

ChionAnthus  Virglnica 

133 

Sweet  .... 

62 

Clammy  Locust 

I9O 

[Weeping]    . 

56 

Cockspur  Thorn 

3S 

White  .... 

55 

Coffee  Tree,  Kentucky 

I  go 

White  (Paper  Birch)      . 

56 

Cornel     ..... 

134 

Yellow 

60 

Alternate-leaved   . 

136 

Bitter-nut       .... 

214 

Cornus  alternifolia 

136 

Black  Haw     .... 

M4 

florida 

134 

Black  Jack     .... 

114 

Cottonwood     .... 

90 

Black  Oak       .... 

120 

River  . 

S8 

Black  Spruce  .... 

168 

Swamp 

88 

Black  Thorn  .... 

36 

Crab-apple      .... 

32 

Black  Walnut 

203 

Narrow-leaved 

32 

Box  Elder       .... 

218 

Crataegus  cocclnea 

34 

Broussonetia  papyrlfera 

52 

var.  mollis 

36 

Buckeye,  Big 

232 

crus-galli 

3S 

Fetid 

234 

var.    pyracan 

Ohio 

234 

thifolia 

40 

Sweet 

232 

punctata 

33 

Burr  Oak        .... 

106 

tomentosa 

36 

Butternut         .... 

204 

Cucumber  Tree 

6 

Butionball  Tree 

53 

Cupressus.      See  Cham^cyparis 

Buttonwood    .... 

53 

Custard  Apple 

10 

C 

D 

CarpInus  Caroliniana     . 

66 

Diospyros  Virginiana    . 

16 

Carya.     See  Hic6ria. 

Dogwood,  Alternate-leaved     . 

136 

CastAnea  sativa,  var.  Americana 

68 

Flowering 

134 

Catalpa  ..... 

140 

Poison    . 

198 

Catalpa  bignonoides 

140 

speciosa  . 

140 

E 

Cat  a  7v  da           .... 
Cedar,  Red     .... 

White 

White  (Arbor  Vitae) 

Celtis  occidentalis 

var.  crassifolia 
Cercis  Canadensis 
Cham^cyparis  sphaeroidea    . 

140 
181 
178 
1S0 

4s 
4s 

12 

178 

Elder,  Box     .... 

Poison 
Elk  wood          .... 
Elm,  Corky  white  . 

[English] 

Red        .... 

Slippery 

White     .... 

218 
196 
8 
46 
47 
47 
47 
44 

thyoides 

178 

Cherry,  Bird .... 

28 

F 

Pin    .... 

28 

Rum  .... 

27 

FAGUS  ferruginea    . 

70 

Wild  black 

27 

Fir,  Balm  of  Gilead 

174 

Wild  red    . 

28 

Balsam    .... 

174 

Chestnut          .... 

68 

FrAxinus  Americana      . 

220 

Chestnut  Oak .... 

no 

pubescens 

222 

Index  of  Trees. 


247 


I'AGE 

I 

FrAxinus  quadrangulata         .          .      226 

sambucifolia  .          .          .      22S 

Ilex  monticola       . 

viridis    ....     224 

opaca 

Fringe  Tree 138 

Indian  Beau   . 

Ironwood  ( 1  Iup-Hornbeam) 

G 

Iron-wood  ( Hornbeam) 

GledJtschia  triacanthos         '         .     192 

J 

var.     bra- 

chycarpos     194 

Jersey  Pine    .          .          .          .          . 

var.        in- 

Judas  Tree     . 

ermis        .      194 

JUGLANS  cinerea 

Gum,  Black 12 

nigra 

Sour      .         .         .         .         .12 

Juneberry 

Sweet 130 

Juniper,  Common   . 

Gvmnocladus  Canadensis       .          .      190 

JUN'iPERUS  communis 

Virginiana 

H 

K 

llackberry 48 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree     . 
King-nut         . 

Hackmatack    . 

175 

Haw,  Black    . 

M4 

L 

Red      . 

34 

Hemlock 

172 

Larch 

Hickory,  Big-bud  . 

20S 

Larix  Americana 

Big  shell-bark 

208 

laricina 

Bitter-nut 

214 

Laurel,  Swamp 

Black       . 

208 

Leverwood 

Broom 

212 

Lime  Tree 

Pig-nut     . 

212 

Linden,  American 

Shag-bark 

206 

[European] 

Shell-bark 

206 

LiquidAmber  styraclflua 

Small-fruited 

210 

Liriodendkon  tuliplfera 

Swamp     . 

214 

Locust,  Clammy 

White-heart 

20S 

Honey 

HicdRiA  alba 

20S 

Yellow 

glabra 

212 

[Lombardy  Poplar\ 

microcarpa 

210 

M 

minima    . 

214 

ovata 

206 

Magnolia  acuminata 

sulcata      . 

208 

glauca  . 

Holly,  American     . 

24 

tripetala 

Honey  Locust 

192 

Magnolia,  Mountain 

Honey  Shucks 

192 

Small      . 

flop-Hornbeam 

64 

Maple,  Ash-leaved  . 

Hornbeam 

66 

.Maple,  Bird's-eye  . 

Hornbeam,  Hop 

64 

Black 

[Horse-chestnut]     . 

234 

Curly 

248 


Index  of  Trees. 


PAGE 

Maple,  [Cut-leaved]         .         .         .156 

Oak,  Quercitron       . 

Goose-foot    . 

148 

Red        .... 

Hard  . 

I50 

Rock  e lies t nut 

[Japanese]  . 

156 

Rough-leaved  white 

[Norway]     . 

156 

Scarlet   .... 

Red     . 

154 

Shingle 

Rock   . 

I50 

Spanish 

Silver 

152 

S'tvamp  chestnut 

[Silver-striped] 

156 

Swamp  Spanish 

&/;(Red)  . 

154 

Swamp  white 

Soft  (Silver) 

152 

Water    .... 

Striped 

148 

White     . 

Sugar 

I50 

Willow 

Swamp 

154 

Yellow-bark    . 

[Sycamore,  False 

] 

156 

Yellow  (Black) 

White 

152 

Yellow  chestnut 

Mocker-nut     . 

208 

Yellow  (Yellow  chestnut) 

Mooseivood 

I4S 

Osier,  Golden 

Morus  [alba] 

50 

Ostrya  Virginiana 

rubra 

50 

Oxydendrum  arboreum 

Mountain  Ash 

200 

[Mulberry,  Paper] 

52 

P 

Mulberry,  Red 

[White] 

50 
50 

Papaw    . 

[Paper  Mulberry]    . 

N 

Pcpperidge 
Persimmon 

Nanny  Berry          .         .         .         .146 

T'icea  alba 

Negundo  aceroides         .         .         .218 

Canadensis     . 

[Norway  Spruce]     .          .          .          .      172 

[excelsa] 
Mariana 

Nyssa  sylvatica       .         .         .         .12 

0 

nigra 

Pig-nut  . 

Oak,  Barren 114 

Pine,  Gray 

Bartram's 

.         128 

Hickory 

Black     . 

.         I20 

Jersey    . 

Black  Jack      . 

.         114 

Northern  scrub 

Burr 

.         I06 

Norway 

Chestnut 

.     no 

Pitch      . 

Gray       . 

.       122 

Prince's 

Iron 

.        IO4 

Red        . 

Jack       . 

.        114 

Scrub     . 

Laurel  . 

.        I2S 

Short-leaved  . 

Mossy-cup 

.        I06 

Spruce  . 

Over-cup  white 

.        I06 

Table  Mountain 

Peach-leaved  . 

.        126 

Weymouth 

Pin 

.        124 

White    . 

Post 

.       IO4 

Yellow  . 

Index 


T, 


rees. 


249 


PlNUS  Banksiana 
ecpinata 
inops  . 
mi 'tis  . 
pungens 
resinosa 
rlgida  . 
rubra  . 
Strobus 
Virginiana 
Plane  Tree 

PlAtanus  occidentalis 
Plum,  Canada 
Horse  . 
Wild  . 
Poison  Sit  mack 
Poplar  . 
Poplar,  Balsam 

Downy-leaved 
Heart-leaved  balsam 
[Lombardy] 
Necklaee      . 
River 

[Silver-leaf] 
White  (Aspen) 
[White  (Silver-leaf)] 
Yellow 
Populus  [alba] 

angulata  . 
balsamifera 


[dilitata]  . 
grand  identata 
heterophylla 
monilifera 
tremuloides 
PRUNUS  Americana 

Pennsylvanica 
serotina 
Pyrus  Americana   . 
[ancuparia] 
angustifolia 
coronaria 
sambucifolia 


Quercus  alba 


candicans 


161 

165 

162 

165 

162 

164 

166 

164 

168 

162 

53 

53 

30 

30 

30 

198 

90 

92 

88 

92 

94 

90 

90 

94 

84 

94 

98 

94 

90 

92 

92 

94 

86 

88 

90 

S4 

30 

28 

27 

200 

202 

32 

32 

202 


Quercus  bkolor     . 

castanea   , 

coccinea  . 

var.  amblgu 
var.  tinctori 

cuneata    . 

falcata 

heterophylla  (hybrid) 

imbricaria 

macrocarpa 

minor 

"     var.  olivteform 

Muhlenbergii   . 

nigra 

obtusilbba 

palustris 

Phellos     . 

Prinus 

"       var.  discolor 
"      var.  monllcok 

rubra 

Rudkini  (hybrid) 

tinctoria  . 


Red  Bud 
Red  Cedar 
Red  Haw 

Red  Oak 
Rhus  typhina 

"       var.  laciniata 
venenata 
RobInia  pseudacacia 

viscosa 
[Rowan  Tree] 


Salix  [alba]   . 

[var.  ca'rulea] 
[var.  vittelllna] 

Amygdaloides 

[Babyldnica] 

[fragilis] 

Kicida  . 

nigra    . 

var.  falcata   . 

rostrata 


250 


Index  of  Trees, 


Sassafras 

PAGE 

18 

Tsuga  Canadensis  . 

PAGE 
172 

Sassafras  officinale 

18 

Tulip  Tree 

98 

Savin      .... 

181 

Tupelo 

12 

Scarlet  Oak     . 

118 

Service  Tree    . 

40 

U 

Shad-bush 

40 

Ulmus  Americana  . 

44 

Shag-bark 

206 

[campestris] 

47 

Sheep  Berry    . 

146 

fulva  . 

47 

Shell-bark 

206 

racemosa     . 

46 

Big           .        . 

208 

rubra            . 

47 

Shingle  Oak    . 

128 

Umbrella  Tree        . 

8 

Silver-Leaf  Poplar 

94 

Sorrel  Tree     . 

42 

V 

Sour  Gum 

12 

VibCtrnum  lentago 

146 

Sour  Wood 

42 

prunifolium   . 

144 

Spanish  Oak  . 

116 

Viburnum,  Sweet    . 

146 

Spruce,  Black 

168 

[Norway]   . 

172 

W 

White 

170 

Wahoo    ..... 

24 

Stag-bush 

144 

Walnut,  Black 

203 

Stag-horn  Sumach  . 

196 

White 

204 

Stump  Tree    . 

190 

Whistle  wood. 

148 

Sugar  Berry  . 

48 

White  Cedar  .... 

178 

Sumach,  Poison 

198 

White  Cedar  (Arbor  Vitae) 

.     180 

Stag-horn 

196 

White  Oak      .... 

102 

Swamp  White  Oak 

108 

White  Pine     .... 

.     168 

Sweet  Bay 

6 

White  Spruce 

.     170 

Sweet  Gum 

130 

White  Thorn 

•       34 

Sycamore 

53 

White  Wood  (Basswood) 

22 

T 

White  Wood  (Tulip  Tree) 

.       98 

Willow,  Black 

.       72 

Tacamahac      .....       92 

Blue. 

.       80 

Tamarack 

.     175 

[Crack]      . 

.       83 

Thorn,  Black 

.       36 

Glossy  broad-leaved     . 

•        76 

Cockspur     . 

•       38 

Long-beaked 

•       73 

Common     . 

•       3S 

Ochre-flowered  . 

.       78 

Doited-fruited 

•       33 

Scythe-leaved     . 

•       74 

Pear  . 

.       36 

Shining 

•        76 

Scarlet- fruited 

.        34 

[Weeping] 

.       82 

White 

34 

[White]     . 

.       73 

Three-ihorned  Acacia 

192 

[Yellow]    . 

.       80 

Th&ya  occidentalis 

.      180 

Willow  Oak    .... 

.     126 

TlLlA  Americana    . 

22 

Y 

[Europeea]    . 

•        24 

heterophylla 

■        24 

Yellow  Pine   .          .          .    '      . 

.     165 

pubescens 

•        24 

Yellow  Poplar 

.       98 

I. 

THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


II. 
THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


THE  VINES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 
(In  preparation) 

IV. 
THE  LEAF-COLLECTOR'S  HAND-BOOK  AND  HERBARIUM 


